The much celebrated and visibly interventionist Feminist translation theories and praxis that challenged the canonical norms of western translation theories more radically and heralded in the era of resignification in the field of gender and/in translation, is not an isolated upsurging of English experimental translation practices of Quebec feminist writings. Rather, like every text is intertextual in the poststructuralist frame work, the present paper seeks to argue that every philosophy is inter-philosophical, and the philosophical core of feminist translation is located in the theoretical premises of three major turns in literary and cultural studies i.e., poststructuralism, postcolonialism and feminism. Thus in the present paper an attempt is made to map the philosophical trajectories of poststructuralism, postcolonialism and feminism(s) to unearth those radical theories, concepts and categories that ultimately paved the way for the emergence of Feminist translation theory(s) and practice(s).
Keywords: Feminist Translation, Poststructuralism, Postcolonialism, Feminism.

As time passes, there is a greater appreciation of the role of Translation Studies in understanding a woman’s point of view. How to embody female discourses in translation has become a significant issue in working on a Target Language (TL) text. The present study focus on the translated text titled ‘Once Upon a Time’ (2014; tr. K.T. Rajagopalan), initially written in Malayalam titled ‘Adayalangal’ (2005) by Sethu. Through this study, we analyze a translator’s literary depiction of central female characters in a woman-oriented Malayalam fiction. There is an evident loss of the essence of Kerala cultural history and its customs on the one hand, and the invisibility of the feminist voice in the text. The study explores the cultural gaps in depicting the central women characters through translation, and also, how the translator depicts women’s issues, gender inequalities and handling stereotypes through translation.
Keywords: Translation, Gender, Culture, Inequality, Space, Womanhood.

Agnisakshi by Lalithambika Antharjanam (1976), a significant work in the landscape of women’s writing and social novel in Malayalam, was translated into English by Vasanthi Sankaranarayanan and published by Kerala Sahitya Akademi in 1980. In a rare instance of self-retranslation, with 35 years between them, Vasanti Sankaranarayanan rendered a fresh translation of the same novel in 2015. Retranslations, according to Lawrence Venuti, establish their differences from the previous versions and these are guided more by ideological premises than by literary or linguistic lack in the previous translations. In contrast to the uncritical, adulatory position assumed by the translator in the first translation of Agnisakshi, the second one points to a translator who acknowledges the politics of the text, critically approaches it and, in her own words, “adds new dimensions from a feminist perspective”. This paper, by closely examining the conscious interventions Sankaranarayanan makes as a feminist translator, attempts to conceptualize retranslation as an act of re-vision and self-reflective criticism, wherein the translator makes herself more visible through her translational interventions. The attempt here is to understand how the politics of the text is engaged with through retranslation by an ideologically empowered translator.
Keywords: Retranslation, Agnisakshi, Malayalam Novel, Gender, Translation.

The present paper attempts to examine the ‘translated’ nature of the cityscapes in Satyajit Ray’s films. With a select reading of films like ‘Mahanagar’ (lit. The Big City, 1963) and ‘Pratidwandi’ (The Adversary also called Siddhartha and the City, 1970), I argue for the ways in which the city becomes a space of contestation, debate, negotiation and translation between clashing ideologies of the old and the new, the rural and the urban, the ancient and the modern. Ray’s films have been studied from several perspectives, in terms of thematic, stylistic and ideological development. However, it seems to me that the city and its ‘translational’ aspect have not received enough attention. The present paper proposes to understand the role the city plays in Ray’s cinema. As an avant garde film maker, Ray’s cinema is replete with moments of conflicting ideologies, transitions and crossovers. It seems to me that the city provides the base for several such negotiations and intersections in Ray. Using certain recent developments in Translation Studies, I propose to read episodes in select Ray films as indicative of a larger ideological and cultural shift necessitated and made possible by/in the new space of the city. As a translating and translated space, the city’s agency enables other changes and transformations which would not have been possible in the absence of this primary actor – the city. The present paper is an attempt to look at several such moments of intersections and translations that Ray’s films make available to us. 1 An earlier version of this article was presented at the17th International MELOW Conference on ‘Space, Place and Language in Literatures of the World’, Dharamshala, 9-11th, March, 2018. I am grateful to the questions and discussion from the audience and conference participants which helped me rethink some ideas presented here. Chandrani Chatterjee 2
Keywords: City, Translation, Translational, Palimpsest, Transformation, Satyajit Ray

This paper examines the translation of Arabic conventional implicatures into English exemplified with synonymy and terms of address in two genres: religious (Quranic) texts and literary texts. The objective is to explore the conventional implicated meanings in Arabic cognitive synonyms and address terms which pose difficulties to translators. The data of the study consists of 12 excerpts drawn from Arabic source text and their 12 counterpart excerpts from the English translation. In case of conventional implicatures triggered off by synonyms, the study reveals that the translation of these implicatures depends mainly on the purpose behind their contextual use. If they are used to communicate certain implicated meaning as is the case in religious texts, conveying their inner meanings in translation becomes a necessity. For conventional implicatures triggered off by address terms, translators need to pay attention to their multi-dimensional semantics which are determined by the conventional meaning of the expressions uttered. In both cases translators are urged to use communicative and /or formal translation methods in order to emphasize and convey the message intended by the SL text.
Keywords: Translation Studies, Conventional Implicature, Terms of Address, Synonymy, Communicative Translation.

This paper studies the role of intermediary agencies in translating global feminist knowledge into the Telugu1 context. Identifying translators, organisations, publishing houses and magazines as such agencies, it offers an analysis of the function of this feminist thought. The study discusses the ideologies of agents in using translation as a political instrument to construct feminist discourse in the Telugu context. While demonstrating how translation was used as a transmitter for the circulation of feminist ideas, it gauges the influence of global feminist thinking on Telugu feminist translators, writers and activists. It also throws light on the opposition met in translating feminist ideas into Telugu, intellectual efforts and the resistance provided by the feminist translators, writers, activists and publishers as agents of social change to make feminist translation work relevant in the Telugu context.
Keywords: Feminist Translation; Ideology; Travelling Theory; Agency; Telugu Context.

Translation activity in modern Punjab predominantly flows ‘downstream’ from other languages into Punjabi, with comparatively little output of translated works from Punjabi into other languages. Despite this, the translation of Punjabi literature into English has created a valuable space for dialogue between languages and cultures. This article presents a synoptic view of the problems, principles, and possibilities involved in Punjabi-English literary translation. It explores different translation theories and approaches commonly used in Punjabi-English literary translation, highlighting critical studies available in both Punjabi and English.
Keywords: Literary translation, Translation Studies, Poetry, Fiction, Culture, Mistranslation.