Volume 15 Issue 1, 2021

Cover page | Editorial | Content | Contributors
 

Articles

  1. The Ecology of Translation: A Case Study of Two Different Translations of Kanyasulkam in English
Author(s): Lakshmi Haribandi ORCID logo      Pages: 1-28      Published: 2021
Abstract | Full Text | Cite
The Ecology of Translation: A Case Study of Two Different Translations of Kanyasulkam in English
LAKSHMI HARIBANDI ORCID logo
Received 26.03.2021, Accepted 22.07.2021
Abstract
The interface between the translators and their ecological environment becomes vital in understanding the nature of the translation carried out and the final shape the target texts take. The translators’ subjectivity can only be understood in relation to their context of production, circulation, and reception. It is therefore important in any product-oriented research to study the ecological environment of the translators and its influence on their decision-making process and the translation strategy that they adopt. The present paper is an attempt in that direction. It presents a case study of two different translations of a Telugu classical text, Kanyasulkam, in English. The study reveals how the overall context of translation becomes a major agency in conditioning the work of the translators and how it accounts for the divergence between the two translations of the text selected. It also brings to the fore a very interesting technique of translating a classical text from India by a transnational translator in an alien environment for the consumption of the distant other.
Keywords: Kanyasulkam, the Ecology of Translation, Translator Studies, Domestication, Foreignisation, Transnational, Contextualisation.

Cite this work
Haribandi, Lakshmi. 2021. The Ecology of Translation: A Case Study of Two Different Translations of Kanyasulkam in English. Translation Today, Vol. 15(1). 1-28. DOI:10.46623/tt/2021.15.1.ar1
  2. Genres and Multilingual Contexts: The Translational Culture of Nineteenth-Century Calcutta
Author(s): Chandrani Chatterjee       Pages: 29-53      Published: 2021
Abstract | Full Text | Cite
Genres and Multilingual Contexts: The Translational Culture of Nineteenth-Century Calcutta
CHANDRANI CHATTERJEE
Received 03.03.2021, Accepted 16.06.2021
Abstract
Nineteenth-century Calcutta has been widely researched to understand its role in the making of a ‘modern’ India. However, the ‘translational’ culture of this period has not received enough attention. The present article traces what it terms Calcutta’s ‘translational culture’ by examining a palimpsest of languages and genres through the mediating role of translation. Nineteenth-century was a time when several languages were competing for space in the making of modern Bengali prose. Most of the writers of the time were negotiating a plural and multilingual domain and experimenting with new styles of prose and poetry writing.
Two such examples can be seen in the works of Michael Madhusudan Dutt (1824 – 1873), and Kaliprassana Singha (1841 -1870). These writers were instrumental in the making of new genres and were negotiating multiple languages and linguistic registers that included – Sanskrit, Bengali with its different elite and colloquial registers, English, and several European languages and literatures. In juxtaposing Dutt and Singha, the present article attempts to point towards a parallel history of the nineteenth-century Calcutta traced through moments of transactions, translations, and negotiations among languages, ideas, and world views. Languages and literary genres in this case become a testimony to the rich texture of social and cultural negotiations that went into the making of the modernist Bengali prose and indicative of its palimpsestic and translational nature.
Keywords: Translation, Translational, Genre, Multilingual, Palimpsest, Calcutta.

Cite this work
Chatterjee, Chandrani. 2021. Genres and Multilingual Contexts: The Translational Culture of Nineteenth-Century Calcutta. Translation Today, Vol. 15(1). 29-53. DOI:10.46623/tt/2021.15.1.ar2
  3. Aithihyamala: Translating Text in Context
Author(s): Vrinda Varma      Pages: 54-71      Published on: 2021
Abstract | Full Text | Cite
Aithihyamala: Translating Text in Context
VRINDA VARMA
Received 02.01.21, Accepted 26.06.21
Abstract
Aithihyamala (1909) is a compilation of oral legends and folktales in Malayalam by Kottarathil Shankunni. A hundred years since its first publication, and many translations hence, re-translating it into English to suit the contemporary reader comes with its own share of challenges. Overcoming the barrier of archaic language was one thing as was the translation of cultural contexts and culture itself. But more demanding was the employment of a contemporary politically correct lens to the stories themselves, and exercising it in translation in such a manner that while the translation and the translator do remain invisible, the text is suitably modified in places so that blatant prejudices and partisanship inherent in the text do not overshadow the stories themselves. The paper discusses how the translator employed either domestication or foreignization and sometimes a combination of both in order to make sense of the canonical Malayalam text in English, and the rationale for employing each approach so as to make the text relevant and meaningful to the contemporary reader.
Keywords: Folklore, Canon, Culture, Language, Domestication, Foreignization. Page number 54-71
Cite this work
Varma, Vrinda. 2021. Aithihyamala: Translating Text in Context. Translation Today, Vol. 15(1). 54-71. DOI:10.46623/tt/2021.15.1.ar3
     

Machine Translation

  1. On Post-Editability of Machine Translated Texts
Author(s): Ch Ram Anirudh ORCID logo & Kavi Narayana Murthy      Pages: 73-122      Published on: 2021
Abstract | Full Text | Cite
On Post-Editability of Machine Translated Texts
CH RAM ANIRUDH ORCID logo & KAVI NARAYANA MURTHY
Received 16.01.2021, Accepted 01.06.2021
Abstract
Machine Translated texts are often far from perfect and postediting is essential to get publishable quality. Post-editing may not always be a pleasant task. However, modern machine translation (MT) approaches like Statistical MT (SMT) and Neural MT (NMT) seem to hold greater promise. In this work, we present a quantitative method for scoring translations and computing the post-editability of MT system outputs. We show that the scores we get correlate well with MT evaluation metrics as also with the actual time and effort required for post-editing. We compare the outputs of three modern MT systems namely phrase-based SMT (PBMT), NMT, and Google translate for their Post-Editability for English to Hindi translation. Further, we explore the effect of various kinds of errors in MT outputs on postediting time and effort. Including an Indian language in this kind of post-editability study and analyzing the influence of errors on postediting time and effort for NMT are highlights of this work.
Keywords: Machine Translation, Post-Editing, Statistical Machine Translation, Neural Machine Translation.
Cite this work
Anirudh, Ch Ram & Narayanamurthy, Kavi. 2021. On Post-Editability of Machine Translated Texts. Translation Today, Vol. 15(1). 73-122. DOI:10.46623/tt/2021.15.1.ar4
  2. A Rule-based Dependency Parser for Telugu: An Experiment with Simple Sentences
Author(s): Sangeetha P., Parameswari K. & Amba Kulkarni ORCID logo       Pages: 123-144      Published on: 2021
Abstract | Full Text | Cite
A Rule-based Dependency Parser for Telugu: An Experiment with Simple Sentences
SANGEETHA P., PARAMESWARI K. & AMBA KULKARNI ORCID logo
Received 30.12.2020, Accepted 16.07.2021
Abstract
This paper is an attempt in building a rule-based dependency parser for Telugu which can parse simple sentences. This study adopts Pāṇini’s Grammatical (PG) tradition i.e., the dependency model to parse sentences. A detailed description of mapping semantic relations to vibhaktis (case suffixes and postpositions) in Telugu using PG is presented. The paper describes the algorithm and the linguistic knowledge employed while developing the parser. The research further provides results, which suggest that enriching the current parser with linguistic inputs can increase the accuracy and tackle ambiguity better than existing data-driven methods.
Cite this work
P., Sangeetha.; Parameswari K. & Amba Kulkarni. 2021. A Rule-based Dependency Parser for Telugu: An Experiment with Simple Sentences. Translation Today, Vol. 15(1). 123-144. DOI:10.46623/tt/2021.15.1.ar5
  3. A Statistical Study of Telugu Treebanks
Author(s): Praveen Gatla      Pages: 145-167       Published on: 2021
Abstract | Full Text | Cite
A Statistical Study of Telugu Treebanks
PRAVEEN GATLA
Received 31.05.2020, Accepted 01.06.2021
Abstract
The paper is an attempt to compare Hyderabad Telugu Treebank (HTTB) and HCU-IIIT-H Telugu Treebank from a statistical point of view. HTTB has 2,715 annotated sentences and HCU-IIIT-H TTB has 3,222 annotated sentences. Both the Treebanks were annotated by following Paninian Grammar Formalism proposed by Bharati, A.; Sharma, D.M.; Husain, S.; Bai, L.; Begam, R. and Sangal, R. (2009). HTTB is an inter-chunk-based treebank data. HCU-IIIT-H TTB is an intra-chunk-based treebank data. Both the treebanks’ data size is random. Later, the paper discusses the Telugu Treebanks in detail. The paper focuses on statistical frequencies viz. POS, Chunk and Syntactic labels. VM (3807 times) and NN (5486 times) are the frequent POS labels in HTTB and HCU-IIIT-H TTB respectively. NP (7954 and 6223 times) is the frequent phrasal category in both the treebanks. The most frequent k-labels are kartā(k1) (2375-2381 times) and karma(k2) (1408-1437 times) and non-frequent label is karaṇa(k3) (17-39 times) in both the treebanks. The most frequent non-k-labels are verb modifier (vmod) (949 times) and noun modifier (nmod) (1033 times) in both the treebanks. The statistical distribution mentions the coverage of the labels (kāraka, non-kāraka) of both the Telugu treebanks. Later it discusses the comparison of both the treebanks and tries to provide the reasons for the highest and lowest frequencies in both the treebanks. k1 and k2 have 60% of the coverage in karaka labels, vmod, nmod, adv, ccof, pof also has 60% of the coverage in non-karaka labels. This kind of statistical study can help to boost the accuracy of the parser.
Keywords: Treebank, Paninian Grammar, Telugu, kāraka, non-kāraka, Statistical Frequency, Coverage, Parser.
Cite this work
Gatla, Praveen. 2021. A Statistical Study of Telugu Treebanks. Translation Today, Vol. 15(1). 145-167. DOI:10.46623/tt/2021.15.1.ar6

Note

  1. On Nepali Translation of Hemingway’s The Old Man and the Sea: The Analysis of Translation Strategies
Author(s): Sudesh Manger      Pages: 169- 179       Published on: 2021
Abstract | Full Text | Cite
On Nepali Translation of Hemingway’s The Old Man and the Sea: The Analysis of Translation Strategies.
Sudesh Manger
Received 2021, Accepted 2021
Abstract
The present paper is an attempt to explore the translation of The Old Man and the Sea, by Khagendra Mani Pradhan in 2010 and, by Sanjiv Upadhay in the same year, 2010. The paper discusses the two translation strategies and methodologies adopted by both translators in a similar sociocultural, political, and historical context, and how both the translations present The Old Man and the Sea uniquely within Nepali Polysystem. Hence, it emphasizes the function and role of translation in a Polysystem, that is relatively new and trying to incorporate or express the contemporary socio-political context through the medium of literature.
Keywords: Nepali Literature, Translation Studies, Translated Literature and Translation Strategies.
Cite this work
MANGER, SUDESH. 2021. On Nepali Translation of Hemingway’s The Old Man and the Sea: The Analysis of Translation Strategies. Translation Today, Vol. 15(1). 169- 179. DOI:10.46623/tt/2021.15.1.no1
  2. Indian Translation Traditions: Perspectives from Sujit Mukherjee
Author(s): Anjali Chaubey ORCID logo       Pages: 181-190       Published on: 2021
Abstract | Full Text | Cite
Indian Translation Traditions: Perspectives from Sujit Mukherjee.
Anjali Chaubey ORCID logo
Received 2021, Accepted 2021
Abstract
This paper revisits Sujit Mukherjee’s seminal work Translation as Discovery and Other Essays on Indian Literature in English Translation (1981) to analyze his contribution in foregrounding the translation traditions of India. In the book, he uses the term ‘transcreation’ to refer to translation as a practice in the Indian literary scenario and cites examples from the ancient to modern times, to show how we have perceived and practiced translation. He centers this process in contrast to the western practice of the same, which makes translation a postcolonial exercise. He emphasizes the need to focus on the pragmatic analysis of the process of translation and looking at the ‘Indo-English literature’, as ‘a limb of the body, the purusha, that is Indian literature’ which would help in decolonizing literary studies.
Keywords: Sujit Mukherjee, Translation, Transcreation, India, Indo-English, Postcolonial, Literary Studies.
Cite this work
CHAUBEY, ANJALI. 2021. Indian Translation Traditions: Perspectives from Sujit Mukherjee. Translation Today, Vol. 15(1). 181-190. DOI:10.46623/tt/2021.15.1.no2
  3. Translation of Metaphors in George Orwell’s Animal Farm from English to Hindi: A Cognitive Semantic Perspective
Author(s): Baburam Upadhaya ORCID logo       Pages: 191-206       Published on: 2021
Abstract | Full Text | Cite
Translation of Metaphors in George Orwell’s Animal Farm from English to Hindi: A Cognitive Semantic Perspective.
Baburam Upadhaya ORCID logo
Received 2021, Accepted 2021
Abstract
Metaphors are prevalent across languages and cultures, but not all metaphors are shared by any two languages. Therefore, it is interesting to see how a work of translation deals with metaphors through a cognitive semantic perspective. This paper investigates how metaphors used by George Orwell in Animal Farm have been translated into Hindi by Sooraj Prakash. The findings show Prakash using culture-specific metaphors in the target text (TT) to provide the metaphorical sense of the target culture and at the same time trying to preserve the metaphors of the source text (ST) wherever they fitted aptly.
Keywords: Metaphor, Source Language, Target Language, Culture, Source Text, Target Text.
Cite this work
UPADHAYA, BABURAM. 2021. Translation of Metaphors in George Orwell’s Animal Farm from English to Hindi: A Cognitive Semantic Perspective. Translation Today, Vol. 15(1). 191-206. DOI:10.46623/tt/2021.15.1.no3
  4. Howard Goldblatt’s Translations of Mo Yan’s Works into English: Reader Oriented Approach
Author(s): Nishit Kumar      Pages: 207-219       Published on: 2021
Abstract | Full Text | Cite
Howard Goldblatt’s Translations of Mo Yan’s Works into English: Reader Oriented Approach.
Nishit Kumar
Received 2021, Accepted 2021
Abstract
This article examines the strategies followed by Howard Goldblatt, the official translator of Mo Yan while translating his works from Chinese into English. Mo Yan was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2012 and critics argued that it was Goldblatt’s translation that was mainly responsible for Mo Yan’s Nobel Prize in Literature. Though Mo Yan’s works in translation are available in various languages, it is Goldblatt’s version that has become most popular. Therefore, from the perspective of Translation Studies, it would be interesting to identify the techniques used by Goldblatt that make his translations so special. The present paper compares titles, structure, and culture-specific expressions in the original and its English translation to identify the strategies followed by Howard Goldblatt in translating Chinese literary texts.
Keywords: Mo Yan, Howard Goldblatt, Chinese literature, Translation strategies.
Cite this work
KUMAR, NISHIT . 2021. Howard Goldblatt’s Translations of Mo Yan’s Works into English: Reader Oriented Approach. Translation Today, Vol. 15(1). 207-219. DOI:10.46623/tt/2021.15.1.no4

Interview

  1. Obed Ebenezer .S, (2021). An Interview with K. M. Sherrifhttps://www.doi.org/10.46623/tt/2021.15.1.in1
  2. P. M. Girish, (2021). An Interview with P. K. N. Panicker https://www.doi.org/10.46623/tt/2021.15.1.in2

Book Review

  1. Rawad Alhashmi ORCID logo , (2021). Translation and Practice Theory https://www.doi.org/10.46623/tt/2021.15.1.br1
  2. Obed Ebenezer .S, (2021). An Eye-Tracking Study of Equivalent Effect in Translation
https://www.doi.org/10.46623/tt/2021.15.1.br2

Translation

  1. Bindu Singh, (2021). Dear Friend Sakhi by Suryakant Tripathi ‘Nirala’ in Hindi
https://www.doi.org/10.46623/tt/2021.15.1.tr1
  2. Viraj Desai ORCID logo , (2021). Solitude Ekānt by Himanshi Shelat in Gujrati https://www.doi.org/10.46623/tt/2021.15.1.tr2