This paper focuses on how world literature played a crucial role in shaping a sub-national Gujarati identity. Narsinhrao Divatia (1859-1937) – the well-known Gujarati poet, critic and linguist presented partial or complete translations of British Romantic poets like Wordsworth, Keats, Shelley and Byron from the fourth part of F.T. Palgrave’s Golden Treasury (1861) in his seminal poetry anthology Kusummala (1887). This translation played a significant role in redefining Gujarati poetics and Gujarati identity. It also elevated the cultural status of Gujarati literature by introducing Sanskrit poetics in the Gujarati translations. However, in the Gujarati literary tradition, Divatia’s translations of the British Romantic poets are treated as ‘nakal’ (copy) and derivative of Western poetry. This paper argues that the Gujarati translations of the British Romantic poets in Kusummala (1887) cannot be dismissed as cheap copies, but have to be read as refractions, a kind of rewriting elaborated by André Lefevre. Kusummala is an example of an interliterary text where Gujarati translations of the British Romantic poets are mediated with the help of Sanskrit poetics. This paper also argues that the sub-national Gujarati identity goes beyond the dichotomy of Vishwa and Rashtra, as proposed by Vinay Dharwadker.
Keywords: Sub-nationalism, World Literature, Translation Studies, Kusummala, British Romantic Poets, Narsinhrao Divatia.

“Translation” as a literary term, originated in a specific European context. However, the term has been generalised to such an extent that it is often used to read texts across languages and cultures. While this process can help in identifying and establishing links between languages and cultures, acknowledging the theoretical tools provided within the concerned literary tradition could provide better insights into the literary history of the tradition, and reception of a text. To the latter end, this paper proposes to go beyond the concept of translation, and focus on the Sanskrit concept of anuvada or “retelling” (and its later equivalent, “rewriting”), to show how this concept of “retelling” can contribute to a better understanding of literary history, especially in a country like India, where several linguistic traditions are organically connected. I shall primarily rely on The Mahabharata to substantiate my argument.
Keywords: Retelling, Translation, Literary history, Anuvada, The Mahabharata.

This is an exploratory study of the adaptation of the novel Inconsolable Memories (1965) by Edmundo Desnoes into the film Memories of Underdevelopment (1968) by Tomas Gutiérrez Alea under the Skopos theory. This study is a part of a larger ongoing investigation into the cinema of Gutiérrez Alea, in which the researcher is looking at the various techniques he utilizes across his films to generate a social dialectic. The study is located in the skopos defined by Gutiérrez Alea – diminishing the role of the cultural archetypes such as patriarchy and identification with the colonizer that were deeply ingrained in the Cuban people, which he felt, were hampering the continuous progress of the socialist revolution. Here, I’m exploring the strategies he uses in the process of creating a dialectical text as a means of social reform. Gutiérrez Alea has created the adaptation through a collaboration between himself and the author of the novel, Edmundo Desnoes. The study hopes that this collaboration may also reveal a dialectical relationship under the same skopos between the two texts themselves, and the manner in which they interact and modify each other.
Keywords: Adaptation Studies, Cuban Cinema, Tomas Gutiérrez Alea, Cuban Revolutionary Cinema.

An introduction to a translation is a necessary part of modern (literary) translation practice. Without a proper introduction, translations cannot be understood clearly. Introduction is necessary when a text is rendered into another language, time and space and moreover to a different culture to make the target readers understand the context. But at the same time, introductions can also problematize a translation. It could violate, mutilate, and deviate from the original text before the actual translation is done i.e., the text. It could change the ‘discourse’ which is there in the original text. The proposed research paper questions the role and significance of an introduction to a translated text. The paper primarily looks at the long introduction by William Radice in his translation of Gitanjali (2011) in reference to two other introductions---one by W. B. Yeats in Song Offerings (1912) and Tagore’s own (rather a ‘foreword’) in the Bangla original Gitanjali in 1911 and compares and analyzes them to understand the role an introduction plays in a translation.
Keywords: Translation, Introduction, Footnotes, Appendix, Politics of Translation, Understanding as Translation.

Comparative language studies have yielded various interesting results towards the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. European thinkers have worked a lot on areas which have provided the basis for later frameworks for textual analysis and critical study. This kind of textual study has impacted the frameworks of Translation Studies for comparative analysis of parallel texts between a pair of languages. The translation processes and training have been designed on the basis of the categories drawn from the comparative stylistic studies between the language pairs. By ‘translation act’, we understand here the fundamental stylistic categories which help us refine the translation skills while translating a text. This paper aims at understanding such impact on the textual analysis frameworks as used in the Translation Studies. The paper focuses especially on the writings of Charles Bally in the context of text analysis of the source and target language texts. The writings of Charles Bally and some related writings of Saussure are not readily available in English.¹ Considering these writings the parallel
¹ The book titled Course in General Linguistics is a book posthumously edited by eminent linguists Charles Bally and Albert Sechehaye. The books originally written by Saussure like Mémoire sur le système primitif des voyelles dans les langues Indo-Europèennes or related writings like Godel Robert, Notes inédites de Saussure are not available in English. Most of the writings of Saussure remain untranslated into English. These writings are important as they inform us about the methodology that Saussure employed in developing the understanding that is often presented to us. Course in General linguistics remains very sketchy in several aspects of Saussure’s theories. For information, the following sites may be consulted for further reading:
1. Godel Robert, Notes inédites de Saussure, this text is not available on internet archives. However, its reference can be found in several publications like European Parallel Traditions… 89 traditions of Europe, we explore the possibility of implementing the ideas of these traditions on the study of language pairs (English and Hindi) in the context of translation act. This implementation of these ideas for studying the language pairs for getting the principles regarding the translation act requires a comparative stylistic study between the pair of languages on which a translator is working. In this paper, the examples for illustrating the theoretical aspects of comparative stylistics discussed have been given from the language pair Hindi and English.
Keywords: Comparative Linguistics, Stylistics, Translation Studies, Philology, Text Analysis, Indian Translation Scenario.