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/* annexure2*/

Text[0]=["","Translation can be of various types and a particular type can be chosen according to the need and purpose."]
Text[1]=["Human Translation","Translation of texts and materials done by human translators from source language to the target language."]
Text[2]=["Machine Aided Translations","Translation done with the help of Machine Translation Systems where human experts intervene for pre and post-editing and checking of the translations."]
Text[3]=["Instant Translation","Immediate translation or interpretation of a speech or a written material in specific situations like a speech during a conference or the discussion hour in the parliament etc."]
Text[4]=["","Translation is taken by some people just for the love of it or for the interest in introducing literature and knowledge from other speech communities. These translations are neither done as a academic assignments nor for monetary benefits. They are more of a hobby."]
Text[5]=["","Translation is an industry now. Translators are engaged in firms and are paid on par with other professional employments."]
Text[6]=["","Linguistics is the scientific study of language with branches like Phonetics and Phonology (Study of sounds and sound systems), Morphology (Study of words and their internal structures), Syntax (Study of sentence structures), etc."]
Text[7]=["","Literary Studies as a discipline studies, discusses, judges and interprets literature on the whole by paying close attention to literary texts. There is an emphasis on the theoretical reflection of the variety of contexts that give meaning to the texts. "]
Text[8]=["","Semiotics is the study of signs and symbols. It deals with the way meaning is constructed in communication by these symbols."]
Text[9]=["","Lexicology is a branch of linguistics where words as part a lexicon are studied for their nature, meaning, relationship with one another, composition etc."]
Text[10]=["","An area or field of activity for the testing of a product or an idea."]
Text[11]=["","Fresh theoretical approaches or schools of thought"]
Text[12]=["","Experts working in the field of Natural Language Processing (NLP) to produce language tools and software."]
Text[13]=["","Firms that are involved in newspaper publishing"]
Text[14]=["","A branch of study which compares or examines the interrelationship between, generally, literatures of more than one language, culture, nation group etc."]
Text[15]=["","Experts who develop or study the various theoretical framework in the field of translation"]
Text[16]=["","A repository of knowledge of all the activities and news related to translation"]
Text[17]=["","NTM will develop iteself and act as a one stop window of information on new arrivals in translation, training events planned, new translators registered etc. Information will be presented in an organised manner and will be regularly monitored and modified to have latest information"]
Text[18]=["","Info on page 35"]
Text[19]=["","NTM as an agency will collect and distribute information, and centralise activities related to translation"]
Text[20]=["","NTM will facilitate communication between agencies and organisations working on Indian language translations"]
Text[21]=["","NTM will present and promote literatures and the language in which they are written outside the country"]
Text[22]=["","Aids like dictionaries and translation memory software which help translators"]
Text[23]=["","Info on Page 26"]
Text[24]=["","Multilingual dictionaries give equivalents and meaning of a word from a language into several languages"]
Text[25]=["","In bi-directional dictionaries, search by head word is possible in both the languages given to find the equivalent word and meaning in the other"]
Text[26]=["","General purpose dictionaries give words of a language in alphabetical order with pronunciation, definition, etymologies and other information"]
Text[27]=["","Translation Dictionaries give both identical and related words in other languages for a word from a language"]
//Text[16]=["","Some Lists <li>list one</li> <li>list two</li> <li>list three</li> <li>list four</li>"]
Text[28]=["","Publication on the internet which in the look and form imitate a print publication"]
Text[29]=["","A meeting place or a medium for exchanging ideas"]
Text[30]=["","A public message forum on internet where people can view and participate in conversations on preferred topics."]
Text[31]=["","Info on page 7"]
Text[32]=["","Interpretation is immediate translation of a speech or a document."]
Text[33]=["","Info on page 7"]
Text[34]=["","A set of courses chosen on various aspects of translation"]
Text[35]=["","Programmes for giving training in different languages"]
Text[36]=["","Grants availble for those who are enrolled or selected as fellows in the programme"]
Text[37]=["","Programmes where scholars will be funded to visit other institutions"]
Text[38]=["","Translations which will be done from one Indian language to another."]
Text[39]=["","Translation that will be done from an Indian language to English and from English into Indian languages."]
Text[40]=["","NTM will support research projects in translation undertaken by university departments, agencies and also individual projects undertaken by students"]
Text[41]=["","Teaching purposes"]
Text[42]=["","All the languages recognised in the VIII Schedule of Indian Constitution except Hindi and Sanskrit.  The languages are Assamese, Bengali, Bodo, Dogri, Gujarati, Kannada, Kashmiri, Konkani, Maithili, Malayalam, Manipuri, Marathi, Nepali, Oriya, Punjabi, Santhali, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu, and Urdu."]
Text[43]=["","CIIL trains teachers and graduates who want to learn any of the VIII schedule languages apart from their mother tongues through full time courses through its Regional Language Centres."]
Text[44]=["","Regional Language Centres – City<br>ERLC – Bhubaneswar<br>NRLC –  Patiala<br>SRLC – Myaore<br>WRLC –  Pune<br>UTRC – Solan<br>NERLC – Guwahati"]
Text[45]=["","From their inception in 1970, RLCs of CIIL have so far trained about 11,000 people in languages other than their mother tongues."]
Text[46]=["","Info on Page 20"]
Text[47]=["","NTM will prepare an annotated bibliography of translations in major Indian languages."]
Text[48]=["","The NTM database of already existing translations will be searchable by disciplines."]
Text[49]=["","Info available on Page 7"]
Text[50]=["","Info available on Page 7"]
Text[51]=["","Translating from only one particular language into others and not the otDeher way round"]
Text[52]=["","Texts in Indian languages are of varied subjects"]
Text[53]=["","Creativity need not always be associated with only the original text but also the translation that happens side by side continuously"]
Text[54]=["","Translations of texts and materials that contain technical contents from the field of Sciences"]
Text[55]=["","The remuneration and recognition for translation has been less that what it actually deserves"]
Text[56]=["","Appreciation by society"]
Text[57]=["","Events organised to release and publicise new books"]
Text[58]=["","Fair where different publishers and distributors display, promote and sell their books."]
Text[59]=["","Translation of materials where more than one translator or agency combine and work"]
Text[60]=["","Enabling a platform for communication and interaction between the translating agency or individual and various publishers and distributors."]
Text[61]=["","Supporting financially the first translation"]
Text[62]=["","Promoting the inclusion of translated texts in the local languages into the curriculum of various institutions"]
Text[63]=["","Place where all language related aides like dictionaries, thesauri, and translation software etc can be place for use by the students"]
Text[64]=["","Expertise or skill in two languages"]
Text[65]=["","Part of the test where examinees are obligatorily required to translate text portions from one language to another"]
Text[66]=["","Organisations involved in the affairs of the communities"]
Text[67]=["","Social or governmental bodies formed for special purposes related to ordinary citizens"]
Text[68]=["","NLM is set up by the Government of India under its Ministry of Human Resource Development for attaining total literacy by carrying out literacy campaigns and developing programmes of continuing education"]
Text[69]=["","Indian Organization for Learning and Science sponsored by NLM for developing science and literacy awareness in India that will promote national integration and self-reliance"]
Text[70]=["","Info available on page 26"]
Text[71]=["","Info avlbl on pages 26 & 39"]
Text[72]=["","Info avlbl on page 35"]
Text[73]=["","Any of the machine-readable lexical databases modeled after the one developed at Princeton University and called Princeton WordNet"]
Text[74]=["","In the field of Natural Language Processing, an analyser parses a given input word from a text into its components according to the grammatical rules of the language. Some analysers also provide meaning and grammatical information of the components whereas. A generator accepts one or more components of a word as input gives an output of all possible inflections and combinations of the input according to the lexicon of the language."]
Text[75]=["","A concordancer is a computer program that automatically constructs a concordance, which is a an alphabetical list of the principal words used in a book or body of work, with their immediate contexts. The output of a concordancer may serve as input to a translation memory system for computer-assisted translation. It is used in comparing different usages of the same word, analysing word frequencies etc."]
Text[76]=["","Frequency Analyser is a software to compute the number of occurrence of different elements of a text like syllables, words, phrases etc."]
Text[77]=["","Legal matters related to the exclusive right owned by an author, publisher etc whose work or translation NTM will be publishing online"]
Text[78]=["","For all the digital publications by NTM, uniformly looking templates are created using standardized tags in Extensible Mark Up Language (XML). XML is a computer metalanguage, widely used for defining data formats."]
Text[79]=["","Document Type Definition (DTD) is the formal definition of the elements, structures, and rules for marking up a given type of a single or multiple XML files."]
Text[80]=["","Parallel Corpora is a large collection of texts in parallel alignment where the texts are translations of each other."]
Text[81]=["","A critical or explanatory or grammatical note added as a comment or explanation or tag that describes or evaluates or labels contents"]
Text[82]=["","Placing texts in a particularly defined manner in parallel corpora where the different translations are in parallel and relative position."]
Text[83]=["","A large body of text where the contents are either grammatically tagged or added with critical and explanatory notes."]
Text[84]=["","The ways which enables a program to learn, that is, to extract or evolve rules and patterns from available large data sets"]
Text[85]=["","Universal Networking Language, developed by the Institute of Advanced Studies, United Nations University, Tokyo, to promote a multilingual communication platform enabling all peoples to share information and knowledge in their native language. It is an electronic language for computers that acts as the Internet intermediary between different world languages. UNL need not be learned as one learns languages. Authors can enter the text in their native languages. The information content of the text is transferred automatically by an Enconverter (analyzer) into an language-independent UNL syntax. This can be translated into diffferent natural languages immediately by a Deconverter (transformation program)"]

/*annexure3*/
Text[86]=["","Limited in size, that is, number of personnel and offices"]
Text[87]=["","The main objective of the Mission for which it would work for"]
Text[88]=["","Since its size is small and offices in fewer places, NTM will colloborate with various state and local organisations for its activities"]
Text[89]=["","The idea of NTM co-ordinating with many organisations is to avoid repeating their already finished efforts"]
Text[90]=["","Interaction or cooperation of two or more organizations or agents to produce a combined effect greater than the sum of their separate effects"]
Text[91]=["","Combined equal participation in NTM of many organisations will not strictly restrict them to be confined to rules"]
Text[92]=["","Coming together and forming part of a long-term plan to achieve a specific purpose."]
Text[93]=["","Official commissioning"]
Text[94]=["","The Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution contains a list of 22 scheduled languages, namely, Assamese, Bengali, Bodo, Dogri, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannda, Kashmiri, Konkani, Maithili, Malayalam, Manipuri, Marathi, Nepali, Oriya, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Santhali, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu, Urdu"]
Text[95]=["","There are 122 languages in India that are spoken by more that 10.000 people. While NTM will initially involve itself to translating knowledge texts into only the 22 languages of the VIII Schedule of the Constitution, it will emphasize on extending its benefits for the translations into other major languages of the region"]
Text[96]=["","A Government of India department headed by a minister and setup to base the growth process on the integrated development of citizen. MHRD was setup on 26 September 1985 through 174th Amendment to the Govt. of India Rules 1961"]
Text[97]=["","A Indian Government department headed by a minister setup to preserve, promote and disseminate all forms of art and culture"]
Text[98]=["","Bipan Chandra (born 1928) is an Indian historian of Modern India, specialising in economic and political history. Apart from the many teaching positions that he held, he is also the Chairman of the National Book Trust, New Delhi"]
Text[99]=["","K.Satchidanandan (born 1946) is a major Indian poet writing in Malayalam, a critic writing in Malayalam as well as English, academic, editor, translator and playwright. He was a professor of English, received many awards at state, national and international levels. He retired as Secretary of the Sahitya Academy, New Delhi in 1996"]
Text[100]=["","Nirmal Kanti Bhattacharjee (born 1947) is currently Director of B M Birla Academy, New Delhi. He has taught, written, edited and translated, and was also the Chairman, National Book Trust, New Delhi from 1998-2001"]
Text[101]=["","Indian Literature, first published in 1957published bimonthly at present, is a literary journal by Sahitya Academy, New Delhi"]
Text[102]=["","Pramod Talgeri (born 1942), Professor, Centre for German Studies, JNU was formerly Vice Chancellor, CIEFL (now EFLU). He has been nominated as a member of Indo-German Consultative. He has published two books many scholarly articles"] 
Text[103]=["","English and Foreign Languages University (EFLU), formerly Centre for English and Foreign Languages (CIEFL) was established in 1958 as Centre for English. Its main campus is at Hyderabad and two branches are at Shillong and Lucknow. EFLU, a central university, offers academic and research programs in English and foreign languages"]
Text[104]=["","Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, established in 1969, is one of premier universities of Asia with over 5000 students and about 550 faculty. There are ten Schools and four special Centres of studies. The high profile alumni and faculty of JNU are said to be making an impact in policy making and academic programs across South Asia"]
Text[105]=["","Alok Bhalla (born 1945), currently a fellow at Indian Institute of Advanced Studies, Shimla, was a former Professor of English Literature, CIEFL (now EFLU). He has published and edited 15 books and many articles. His areas of interests were Novel, Theatre, Social History and Translation."]
Text[106]=["","Indra Nath Choudhuri was professor of comparative literature in various universities including Delhi, Hyderabad and Bucharest, and has written many books and also translated in English, Hindi and Bengali. For 13 years he was secretary of the Sahitya Academy, New Delhi. At present Minister (Culture) of The Indian High Commission in London and also Director of 'The Nehru Centre' which is the cultural wing of The Indian High Commission"]
Text[107]=["","The Nehru Centre is the Cultural Wing of the High Commission of India, London. It is administered by the Indian Council for Cultural Relations, an autonomous organisation of the Ministry of External Affairs. The Nehru Centre strives to foster a cultural dialogue between India and the United Kingdom."]
Text[108]=["","U R Ananthamurthy (born 1932, recipient of Jnanpith award, is considered as one of the most important representatives of the Navya movement. He was professor of English Literature for several years at Mysore University, later vice chancellor of the Mahatma Ghandi University, Kottayam, chairman of the National Book Trust and president of the Sahitya Academy, New Delhi. He has authoured five novels, many short stories, poems, essays in criticisms etc"]
Text[109]=["","The Mahatma Gandhi University (formerly Gandhiji University), Kottayam, established in 1983 enrolls about 1,50,000 students in its 22 departments and various affiliated colleges and centres. At present, Mahatma Gandhi University offers research facilities and guidance in over 40 disciplines through its own Departments as well as 114 approved research Centres."]
Text[110]=["","Girish Raghunath Karnad (born1938), a Jnanpeeth awardee, is a contemporary writer, playwright, actor and movie director in Kannada language. He has also acted and written scripts for movies. His approach of drawing historical and mythological sources to tackle contemporary themes in his plays like Yayati(1961), Tughlaq(1964) etc established him as one of the promising playwrights in the country"]
Text[111]=["","Amiya Dev, was the Vice-Chancellor of Vidyasagar University. He has taught 'comparative literature' at Jadavpur University for three and a half decades, with frequent visiting professorships abroad. He has published articles and books widely in this area. He has been instrumental in the development of comparative literature as a literary discipline at Indian universities."]
Text[112]=["","Nabaneeta Dev Sen (born 1938) retired as a professor of ‘comparative literature’ from Jadhavpur Univeristy. A recipient of Central Sahitya Academy Award, she has been a writer in residence at several international Artists’ Colonies such as Yaddo and MacDowell Colony in the USA, Bellaggio in Italy, and the Mishkenot Sha’ananim in Jerusalem. She has published over 80 books in different genres of liteterature."]
Text[113]=["","Prof. Satya Bhushan Verma was Professor Emeritus in the Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi; Visiting Professor and Academic Advisor in Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University of Japan; and Director, JIGA Institute of Japanese Language, New Delhi. He had been the first professor of Japanese language and literature in India. Prof. Verma had a number of publications including translations from Japanese. He was also the translator of Leo Huberman's 'Mans Worldly Goods' from English into Hindi and author of the Japanese-Hindi Dictionary. He passed away in the year 2005."]
Text[114]=["","Harish Trivedi, professor of English at the University of Delhi, is the author of Colonial Transactions: English Literature and India (1993), and has co-edited Postcolonial Translations (1998) and Literature and two more books. He also translates from Hindi into English, most recently Premchand: his Life and Times (2002). For him the postcolonial has served to make of translation a subservient and servile field, if not to threaten to erase, ultimately, the very possibility of translation."]
Text[115]=["","Delhi University, established in 1922, is a central university located in Delhi. It is one of the largest among the world with over 300,000 students and over 70 affiliated college besides having its own faculty departments offering both undergraduate and postgraduate courses."] 
Text[116]=["","Pushpak Bhattacharya is a Professor in Department of Computer Science and Engineering in Indian Institute of Technology, Mumbai. He was a Visiting Research Fellow, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA.  Receipient of the IBM Innovation Award,  his areas of research interests are Natural Language Processing, Machine Learning, Cross Lingual IR, and Information Extraction."]
Text[117]=["","Udaya Narayana Singh (born 1951), currently, Director of Central Institute of Indian Languages, is a reputed poet, playwright and an essayist in Bangla and Maithili. He has published four collections of poems and eleven plays as well as six books of literary essays, besides translating several books. He has authored over 150 research papers in Linguistics, edited about 10 books, and has visited many countries teaching Linguistics, Translation Studies, Comparative Literature and Anthropology."]
 
 /*preamble*/
Text[118]=["","History is the study of the past, particularly the written record of the human race, but more generally including scientific and archaeological discoveries about the past. Academically, history is the field of research producing a continuous narrative and a systematic analysis of past events of importance to the human race."] 
Text[119]=["","Sanskrit is a classical language of India, and a liturgical language of Hinduism and other Indian religions. It is one of the recognized classical languages of India and one of the 22 scheduled languages of India. It belongs to the historical Indo-Aryan sub-branch of the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European family of languages."] 
Text[120]=["","Prakrit (also transliterated as Pracrit):according to one interpretation, 'original, natural, artless, normal, ordinary, usual', interpreted as indicating the 'vernacular', in contrast to the literary and religious [orthodoxy] of samskrita; both adjectives elliptically referring to vak 'speech'; according to another interpretation, 'derived from an original', i.e. derived from Sanskrit) refers to the broad family of the Indic languages and dialects spoken in ancient India."]
Text[121]=["","Pali is a Middle Indo-Aryan language or prakrit of India. It is best known as the language of the earliest extant Buddhist canon, the Pali Canon (Pali: Tipitaka), and as the liturgical language of Theravada Buddhism."] 
Text[122]=["","Arabic, in terms of the number of speakers, is the largest living member of the Semitic language family. Classified as Central Semitic, it is closely related to Hebrew and Aramaic and has its roots in a Proto-Semitic common ancestor."]
Text[123]=["","Persian is an Indo-European language spoken in Iran, Afghanistan and Tajikistan. Persian and its varieties have official-language status in Iran, Afghanistan, and Tajikistan. Persian has been a medium for literary and scientific contributions to the Islamic world as well as the Western."]
Text[124]=["","The Panchatantra (also spelled Pañcatantra, in Sanskrit: 'Five Principles') was originally a canonical collection of Sanskrit (Hindu) as well as Pali (Buddhist) animal fables in verse and prose. The original Sanskrit text, now long lost, and which some scholars believe was composed in the 3rd century BCE, is attributed to Vishnu Sarma. "]
Text[125]=["","Ashtangahridaya; the Essence of Eight Branches of Ayurveda. The term Ashtanga Hridaya literally means the heart of eight organs (of Ayurveda). Asthangahridaya tells what you can find in this great Ayurvedic classic by Vagbhata, written in the fifth century AD."]
Text[126]=["","The Arthashastra (more precisely Arthasastra) is a treatise on statecraft, economic policy and military strategy which identifies its author by the names Kautilya and Vshnugupta, who are traditionally identified with Chanakya (c. 350–-283 BC), who was a professor at Taxila University and later the prime minister of the Maurya Empire."]
Text[127]=["","Hitopadesha is a collection of Sanskrit fables in prose and verse; it is similar to, though distinct from, the Panchatantra. The only clue to the identity of the author of Hitopadesha is found in the concluding verses of the work, which gives us the name Narayana (, and which mention the patronage of a king called Dhavalachandra."]
Text[128]=["","The Yoga Sutras of Patanjali is a foundational text of Yoga. It forms part of the corpus of Sutra literature dating to India's Mauryan period. In Indian philosophy, Yoga (also Raja Yoga to distinguish it from later schools) is the name of one of the six orthodox philosophical schools. "]
Text[129]=["","The Ramayana is an ancient Sanskrit epic attributed to the Hindu sage (maharishi) Valmiki and an important part of the Hindu canon (smriti). It was the original story on which other versions were based."]
Text[130]=["","The Mahabharata is one of the two major Sanskrit epics of ancient India, the other being the Ramayana. With more than 74,000 verses, long prose passages, and about 1.8 million words in total, the Mahabharata is one of the longest epic poems in the world. Including the Harivamsa, the Mahabharata has a total length of more than 90,000 verses."]
Text[131]=["","The Bhagavad Gita (Song of God) is a Sanskrit text from the chapter Bhishma Parva of the Mahabharata epic, comprising 700 verses. The Bhagavad Gita is revered as sacred by Hindu traditions, and especially so by Vaishnavas (followers of Vishnu-Krishna). It is commonly referred to as The Gita."]
Text[132]=["","Bhakti period"]
Text[133]=["","Jnaneshwari is a commentary on the Bhagavad Gita completed in 1290 C.E. by the Poet-Saint Jnaneshwar. Swami Kripananda has simply put the Jnaneshwari into the contemporary English idiom in rather the same way that Robert Bly put Tagore's translation of Kabir into contemporary language."]
Text[134]=["","The Bhagavad Gita (Song of God) is a Sanskrit text from the chapter Bhishma Parva of the Mahabharata epic, comprising 700 verses. The Bhagavad Gita is revered as sacred by Hindu traditions, and especially so by Vaishnavas (followers of Vishnu-Krishna). It is commonly referred to as The Gita."]
Text[135]=["","Shri Jnaneshwar was a great poet-saint of Maharashtra, who lived in the 13th Century. He wrote excellent works as Jnaneshwari, Amritanubhava, Changdeva-Pasashti and devotional songs (abhangas). His commentary Bhavarthadipika, popularly known as Jnaneshwari is a precious gem of the Marathi language."]
Text[136]=["","They belonged to various castes and communities, spoke a varied language and dialiects and came from different professions. We had Kabir the weaver, Namdev the tailor, Akho the goldsmith, Goro the potter and Chokhmela the mahar who rebeled against the exploitative caste system and exclusiveness of organised religions. While Eknath and Gyandev, the Brahmins from Maharashtra, Chaitanya Mahaprabhu from Bengal, and Shankardev from Assam strived for bringing about reform and transformation of religion. Namdev, Tukaram and Chokhamela from Maharashtra, the Lingayat Basavanna, Akka Mahadevi and Allamaprabhu from Karnataka spoke of a novel tradition based on equality of all mankind. Then there was Mirabai and Narasinh Mehta - who, intoxicated with the love of God, faced pain and suffering by singing and dancing to thier beloved Lord. "]
Text[137]=["","Pampa (born 902 C.E.), also known as Adikavi Pampa, is one of the greatest Kannada poets of all time. He was born in Vemulavada, Andhra Pradesh and was the court poet of King Arikesari, a Rashtrakuta feudatory. <br><br>At the age of 39 he wrote his first masterpiece, Adipurana in 941 and a little later he completed Vikramarjuna Vijaya popularly known as Pampa Bharata. These two works have remained unparalleled works of classic Kannada composition."]
Text[138]=["","Kambar was a Tamil poet. Kambar is popularly known for authoring Ramavatharam, (popularly known as Kambaramayanam), the Tamil version of Ramayana, or the Story of Rama, one of the oldest epics in human history inspired by the Sanskrit epic. <br><br>The original version was written by Sage Valmiki. This epic of 24,000 verses tells of a Raghuvamsa prince, Rama of Ayodhya, whose wife Sita is abducted by Ravana, a mighty emperor."]
Text[139]=["","Atukuri Molla (1440 A.D. - 1530 A.D.) was a famous Telugu poet who wrote Telugu Ramayan. She was popularly known as Molla or Mollamamba. <br><br>She was the second woman poet in Telugu only after Tallapaka Timmakka, wife of Annamacharya. Despite being a woman and from a lower caste potter's family, she translated Sanskrit Ramayana, story of God Rama into Telugu."]
Text[140]=["","Thunchaththu Ramanujan Ezhuthachan, a famous Malayalam poet belongs to the later half of 16th century and first half of 17th century. He made a significant contribution to the growth and development of Malayalam literature. He is regarded as ‘the father of Malayalam language’ and the creator of modern Malayalam language due to his devotion to the language. He also had a great influence on the acceptance of the Malayalam alphabet, and his extremely popular poetic works in Malayalam. His full name was "]
Text[141]=["","Gosvami Tulsidas (1532-1623) was an Awadhi poet and philosopher, and the author Ramacaritamanasa ('The Lake of the Deeds of Rama'), an epic devoted to Lord Rama.<br><br>During his life time, Tulsidas wrote 22 different works and although a Sanskrit scholar, he is considered the greatest and most famous of Hindi poets. He is regarded as an incarnation of Valmiki, the author of Ramayana written in Sanskrit."]
Text[142]=["","Premananda"]
Text[143]=["","Ekanatha"]
Text[144]=["","Balaramadasa"]
Text[145]=["","Madhava Kandali was a 14th century Assamese poet, notable for the earliest rendering of the Valmiki Ramayana into Assamese verse (Kotha Ramayana). Kandali's patron was the Kachari King Mahamanikya (Mahamanikpha, 1330-1370), whose kingdom was located in what is present-day Nagaon."]
Text[146]=["","Krittibas Ojha was a medieval Bengali poet. His major contribution to Bangla literature and culture was the translation of the great Indian epic of Ramayana to Bangla. His work is known as Krittivasi Ramayan."]
Text[147]=["","In 1640, the East India Company established an outpost at Madras. In 1661 the company obtained Bombay from Charles II and converted it to a flourishing center of trade by 1668. English settlements developed in Orissa and Bengal. In 1690 Job Charnock, an agent of the East India Company established a factory in Bengal; almost a decade later the factory was fortified and called Fort William. Three adjoining villages Sutanati, Kalikata and Gobindpore were developed into a single area called Calcutta. Calcutta became a trading centre for East India Company."]
Text[148]=["","British phase of translation into English"]
Text[149]=["","Sir William Jones (philologist) (September 28, 1746 – April 27, 1794) was an English philologist and student of ancient India, particularly known for his proposition of the existence of a relationship among Indo-European languages. He was also the founder of the Asiatic Society."]
Text[150]=["","Kalidasa (servant of Kali) was a renowned Classical Sanskrit poet and dramatist, author of Meghaduta, Abhijñanashakuntala and Kumarasambhava, among other well-known works. His floruit cannot be dated with precision, but most likely falls within the Gupta period, probably in the 4th or 5th century or 6th centuary. His place in Sanskrit literature is the same as that of Shakespeare in English. His plays and poetry were primarily based on Hindu mythology and philosophy."]
Text[151]=["","Abhijñanasakuntalam (The Recognition of Shakuntala), by a renowned Classical Sanskrit poet and dramatist Kalidasa, tells the story of King Dushyanta who, while on a hunting trip, meets Shakuntala, the adopted daughter of a sage, and marries her. A mishap befalls them when he is summoned back to court: Shakuntala, pregnant with their child, inadvertently offends a visiting sage and incurs a curse, by which Dushyanta will forget her completely until he sees the ring he has left with her. On her trip to Dushyanta's court in an advanced state of pregnancy, she loses the ring, and has to come away unrecognized. The ring is found by a fisherman who recognizes the royal seal and returns it to Dushyanta, who regains his memory of Shakuntala and sets out to find her. After more travails, they are finally reunited."]
Text[152]=["","Orientalist ideology"]
Text[153]=["","challenge the British understanding"]
Text[154]=["","Ram Mohan Roy (August 14, 1774 – September 27, 1833) was a founder in 1828 (with Dwarkanath Tagore and other Bengali Brahmins) of the Brahma Sabha which engendered the Brahmo Samaj, an influential Indian socio-religious reform movement. He is best known for his efforts to abolish the practice of sati, the corrupted Hindu funeral practice in which the widow were compelled to sacrificed herself on her husband’s funeral pyre. It was he who first introduced the word 'Hinduism' (or 'Hindooism') into the English language in 1816. "]
Text[155]=["","Adi Shankara (788 – 820was the first philosopher to consolidate the doctrine of Advaita Vedanta, a sub-school of Vedanta. His teachings are based on the unity of the soul and Brahman, in which Brahman is viewed as without attributes. In the Smarta tradition, Adi Shankara is regarded as an incarnation of Shiva."]
Text[156]=["","Vedanta is a spiritual tradition explained in the Upanishads that is concerned with the self-realisation by which one understands the ultimate nature of reality (Brahman). Vedanta is based on immutable spiritual laws that are common to religions and spiritual traditions worldwide. Vedanta as the end of knowledge refers to a state of self-realisation, attainment, or cosmic consciousness."]
Text[157]=["","The Kena Upanishad (kenopanisad), is one of the older, 'primary' Upanishads commented upon by Shankara. It is associated with the Samaveda. It figures as number 2 in the Muktika canon of 108 Upanishads."]
Text[158]=["","The Isavasya Upanisad belongs to the Vajasaneyi Samhita of the Shukla Yajurveda, and forms its last chapter. The Upanisad extols the all-pervasiveness and all-controlling nature of the Supreme Being."]
Text[159]=["","Romesh Chunder Dutt, CIE (Calcutta August 13, 1848 — Baroda November 30, 1909), or R. C. Dutt, was a Bengali writer, civil servant, economic historian, and translator of Ramayana and Mahabharata. He was president of the Indian National Congress in 1899."]
Text[160]=["","The Rigveda is an ancient Indian sacred collection of Vedic Sanskrit hymns dedicated to the gods (devas). It is counted among the four canonical sacred texts (sruti) of Hinduism known as the Vedas. It is one of the oldest texts of any Indo-European language."]
Text[161]=["","The Upanishads are Hindu scriptures that constitute the core teachings of Vedanta. The Upanishads realize monist ideas, some of which were hinted at in the earlier texts, and they have exerted an important influence on the rest of Hindu and Indian philosophy."]
Text[162]=["","Mricchakatika (The Little Clay Cart) by Shudraka. <br><br>Bhasa's most famous plays are Svapna Vasavadattam (Swapnavasadatta) (Vasavadatta's dream), Pancharatra and Pratijna Yaugandharayaanam (The vows of Yaugandharayana). Some other plays being Pratimanataka, Abhishekanataka, Balacharita, Dutavakya, Karnabhara, Dutaghatotkacha, Charudatta, Madhyamavyayoga and Urubhanga.<br><br>The famous plays by Kalidasa are Vikramorvasiyam (Vikrama and Urvashi), Malavikagnimitram (Malavika and Agnimitra), and the play that he is most known for: Abhijñanasakuntalam (The Recognition of Shakuntala).<br><br>There are lot of other great plays like Ratnavali and Nagananda, by Sri Harsha, Mahendravikramavarman's Mattavilasaprahasana, Shaktibhadra's Aascharyachoodamani (Ascharyachudamani), Sri Harsha’s Nagananda, Kulasekhara’s Subhadradhananjaya and Tapatisamvarana, Neelakantha’s Kalyana Saugandhika and Sri Krishna Charita."]
Text[163]=["","Romanticism is a complex artistic, literary, and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Western Europe, and gained strength during the Industrial Revolution. It was partly a revolt against aristocratic social and political norms of the Age of Enlightenment and a reaction against the scientific rationalization of nature, and was embodied most strongly in the visual arts, music, and literature."]
Text[164]=["","Utilitarianism is the idea that the moral worth of an action is solely determined by its contribution to overall utility, that is, its contribution to happiness or pleasure as summed among all persons. It is thus a form of consequentialism, meaning that the moral worth of an action is determined by its outcome—the ends justify the means. Utility — the good to be maximized — has been defined by various thinkers as happiness or pleasure (versus sadness or pain), though preference utilitarians like Peter Singer define it as the satisfaction of preferences. It may be described as a life stance with happiness or pleasure as ultimate importance."]
Text[165]=["","Dinabandhu Mitra (1830-1873) the Bengali dramatist, was born in 1830 at Chouberia in Nadia, and was the son of Kalachand Mitra. His poetic style was inspired by the well known poet Ishwar Chandra Gupta. Among his books of poems are Suradhuni Kavya (first part appeared in 1871, second part appeared in 1876), Dvadash Kavita (1872). His plays include Nildarpan (1860), Nabin Tapasvini (1863), Biye Pagla Budo (1866), Sadhabar Ekadashi (1866), Lilavati (1867), Jamai Barik (1872), Kamale Kamini (1873), and Jamalaye Jibanta Manus. He also wrote a novel titled Poda Mahehshvar."]
Text[166]=["","Sri Aurobindo (August 15, 1872–December 5, 1950) was an Indian nationalist, scholar, poet, mystic, evolutionary philosopher, yogi and guru.<br><br>The major writings of Sri Aurobindo comprise, in poetry, his epic poem Savitri, and the Collected Poems and, in prose, in a number of highly acclaimed books such as The Life Divine, Synthesis of Yoga, Secret of Veda, Essays on the Gita, The Human Cycle, The Ideal of Human Unity, Renaissance in India and other essays, Supramental Manifestation upon Earth, The Future Poetry, Thoughts and Aphorisms, and several volumes of his letters."]
Text[167]=["","Rabindranath Tagore (7 May 1861–7 August 1941), also known by the sobriquet Gurudev, was a Bengali poet, Brahmo religionist, visual artist, playwright, novelist, and composer whose works reshaped Bengali literature and music in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He became Asia's first Nobel laureate when he won the 1913 Nobel Prize in Literature."]
Text[168]=["","Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (2 October 1869 – 30 January 1948) was a major political and spiritual leader of India and the Indian independence movement. He was the pioneer of truth and non violence, which led India to independence and inspired movements for civil rights and freedom across the world. He is commonly known around the world as Mahatma Gandhi (mahatma or Great Soul, an honorific first applied to him by Rabindranath Tagore) and in India also as Bapu (Father). He is officially honoured in India as the Father of the Nation; his birthday, 2 October, is commemorated there as Gandhi Jayanti, a national holiday, and world-wide as the International Day of Non-Violence."]
Text[169]=["","English as the medium of education"]
Text[170]=["","growth of Indian languages"]
Text[171]=["","Khubchandani, L.M."]
Text[172]=["","pathshalas"]
Text[173]=["","maktabs,"]
Text[174]=["","linguistic heterogeneity of India,"]
Text[175]=["","opposition between English and the bhashas."]
Text[176]=["","Thomas Babington Macaulay, 1st Baron Macaulay, PC (25 October 1800 – 28 December 1859) was a nineteenth-century British poet, historian and Whig politician and one of the two Members of Parliament for Edinburgh. He wrote extensively as an essayist and reviewer, and on British history."]
Text[177]=["","‘Minute on Indian Education’ (1835)"]
Text[178]=["","using mother tongues as the media "]
Text[179]=["","United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation."]
Text[180]=["","Language planning refers to deliberate efforts to influence the behaviour of others with respect to the acquisition, structure, or functional allocation of language. Typically it will involve the development of goals, objectives and strategies to change the way language is used. At a governmental level, language planning takes the form of language policy. "]
Text[181]=["","‘horizontal translation’,"]
Text[182]=["","‘donor’ languages"]
Text[183]=["","‘vertical’"]

/*context*/
Text[183]=["","Dr. Manmohan Singh, the Prime Minister of India, is head of the Council of Ministers, appointed by the President to assist the latter in the administration of the affairs of the executive in India. The Prime Minister is responsible for the discharge of the functions and power vested in the President in terms of the Constitution of India. He is appointed by the President, being recognized as the leader of the majority party in the two Houses of the Parliament of India."]
Text[184]=["","The National Knowledge Commission is a high-level advisory body to the Prime Minister of India, with the objective of transforming India into a knowledge society. It covers sectors ranging from education to e-governance in the five focus areas (i.e, access, concepts, creation, applications and services) of the knowledge paradigm"]
Text[185]=["","access to translated material"] 
Text[186]=["","access to knowledge"] 
Text[187]=["","Satyanarayan Gangaram Pitroda, better known as Dr Sam Pitroda, born in Titlagarh, Orissa, is an inventor, entrepreneur and policymaker. Currently chairman of India's National Knowledge Commission, he is also widely considered to have been responsible for India's communications revolution. He is the Chairman and CEO of World-Tel Limited, an International Telecommunication Union (ITU) initiative."] 
Text[188]=["","unevenness in the translation activity"] 
Text[189]=["","An academic discipline, or field of study, is a branch of knowledge which is taught or researched at the college or university level. Disciplines are defined and recognized by the academic journals in which research is published, and the learned societies and academic departments or faculties to which their practitioners belong."]
Text[190]=["","distribution"] 
Text[191]=["","unrecognized demand for translation"]
Text[192]=["","Domain is the distinguished part of an abstract or physical space where something exists, is performed, or is valid. For example, we may talk about: domain of interest, domain of activity. This concept is used in every branch/sector/field of human activity."]
Text[193]=["","Literature is the art of written works. Literally translated, the word means 'acquaintance with letters' (from Latin littera letter). In Western culture the most basic written literary types include fiction and non-fiction."]
Text[194]=["","Pure Science or Fundamental science is the part of science that describes the most basic objects, forces, relations between them and laws governing them, such that all other phenomena may be in principle derived from them, following the logic of scientific reductionism."]
Text[195]=["","Applied science is the application of knowledge from one or more natural scientific fields to solve practical problems. Fields of engineering are closely related to applied sciences. Applied science is important for technology development. Its use in industrial settings is usually referred to as research and development (R&D)."]
Text[196]=["","The social sciences comprise academic disciplines concerned with the study of the social life of human groups and individuals including anthropology, economics, geography, history, political science, psychology, social studies, and sociology."]
Text[197]=["","Law is a system of rules, usually enforced through a set of institutions. It shapes politics, economics and society in numerous ways."]
Text[198]=["","Medicine is the art and science of healing. It encompasses a range of practices evolved to maintain and restore human health by the prevention and treatment of illness."]
Text[199]=["","Management in business and human organization activity, in simple terms means the act of getting people together to accomplish desired goals. It comprises planning, organizing, resourcing, leading or directing, and controlling an organization or effort for the purpose of accomplishing a goal."]
Text[200]=["","Technology is a broad concept that deals with a species ‘usage and knowledge of tools and crafts, and how it affects a species’ ability to control and adapt to its environment."]
Text[201]=["","Asymmetry is the absence of, or a violation of, a symmetry."]
Text[202]=["","dissemination of translation"]
Text[203]=["","target readership"]
Text[204]=["","market reach"]
Text[205]=["","quality translations"]
Text[206]=["","benchmark"]
Text[207]=["","public intervention"]
Text[208]=["","mission mode"]
Text[209]=["","direct"]
Text[210]=["","indirect employment"]
Text[211]=["","Jayati Ghosh"]
Text[212]=["","agencies"]
Text[213]=["","involved in the activity of translation"]
Text[214]=["","semi-government organizations"]
Text[215]=["","Udaya Narayana Singh"]
Text[216]=["","Deputy Chairman, Planning Commission"]
Text[217]=["","recommendations of the NKC"]
Text[218]=["","revised proposal"]
Text[219]=["","two–day workshops"]
Text[220]=["","Central Institute of Indian Languages, Mysore"]
Text[221]=["","The Planning Commission was set up by a Resolution of the Government of India in March 1950 in pursuance of declared objectives of the Government to promote a rapid rise in the standard of living of the people by efficient exploitation of the resources of the country, increasing production and offering opportunities to all for employment in the service of the community."]
Text[222]=["","five queries"]
Text[223]=["","comments"]
Text[224]=["","from several Social Science experts"]
Text[225]=["","Centre for the Studies of Developing Societies (CSDS) The CSDS is a premier institute of India in the social sciences and humanities. The Centre provides a unique institutional space which seeks to nurture intellectual interests outside the entrenched boundaries of academic disciplines."]
Text[226]=["","Indian Council for Historical Research (ICHR) ICHR is an autonomous organization which was established under Societies Registration Act (Act XXI of 1860) in 1972. The objectives of the ICHR (hereafter referred to as the 'Council') as laid down in the Memorandum of Association are as follows: <li>to bring historians together and provide a forum for exchange of views between them;</li><li>to give a national direction to an objective and scientific writing of history and to have rational presentation and interpretation of history;</li><li>to promote, accelerate and coordinate research in history with special emphasis on areas which have not received adequate attention so far;</li><li>to promote and coordinated a balanced distribution of research effort over different areas;</li><li>to elicit support and recognition for historical research from all concerned and ensure the necessary dissemination and use of results.</li>"]
Text[227]=["","detailed project report"]
Text[228]=["","suggestions from many publishing houses"]
Text[229]=["","Ministry of HRD’s Working Group on Languages and Book Promotion"]
Text[230]=["","recommendations for the XIth Plan"]
Text[231]=["","Chairman, NKC wrote to the Prime Minister"]
Text[232]=["","70 domains"]
Text[233]=["","Adult education is the practice of teaching and educating adults. This often happens in the workplace, through ‘extension’ or ‘continuing education’ courses at secondary schools, at a college or university.<br><br>Continuing education is an all encompassing term within a broad spectrum of post-secondary learning activities and programs."]
Text[234]=["","Andrology is the medical specialty that deals with male health, particularly relating to the problems of the male reproductive system and urological problems that are unique to men."]
Text[235]=["","Non-formal education is instruction that is not obligatory and structured and is learned outside the context of a formal school."]
Text[236]=["","Anthropology is the study of humanity. It has origins in the natural sciences, the humanities, and the social sciences. Ethnography is both one of its primary methods and the text that is written as a result of the practice of anthropology and its elements."]
Text[237]=["","Biological or physical anthropology is a branch of anthropology that studies the mechanisms of biological evolution, genetic inheritance, human adaptability and variation, primatology, primate morphology, and the fossil record of human evolution."]
Text[238]=["","Social anthropology is the branch of anthropology that studies how currently living human beings behave in social groups."]
Text[239]=["","Arab Culture"]
Text[240]=["","Islamic studies is an ambiguous term. In a Muslim context, ‘Islamic studies’ can be an umbrella term for all virtually all of academia, both originally researched and as defined by the Islamization of knowledge. As such it includes all the traditional forms of religious thought, such as Islamic theology and Islamic jurisprudence."]
Text[241]=["","Archaeology is the science that studies human cultures through the recovery, documentation, analysis and interpretation of material remains and environmental data, including architecture, artifacts, features, biofacts, and landscapes. Because archaeology's aim is to understand mankind, it is a humanistic endeavor."]
Text[242]=["","Numismatics is the scientific study of currency and its history in all its varied forms. While numismatists are often characterized as students or collectors of coins, the discipline also includes a much larger study of payment media used to resolve debts and the exchange of goods."]
Text[243]=["","The term architecture can be used to mean a process, a profession or documentation. As a process, architecture is the activity of designing and constructing buildings and other physical structures by a person or a machine, primarily done to provide socially purposeful shelter.<br><br>A wider definition often includes the design of the total built environment, from the macro level of how a building integrates with its surrounding man made landscape (see town planning, urban design, and landscape architecture) to the micro level of architectural or construction details and, sometimes, furniture. Wider still, architecture is the activity of designing any kind of system."]
Text[244]=["","Astrophysics is the branch of astronomy that deals with the physics of the universe, including the physical properties (luminosity, density, temperature, and chemical composition) of celestial objects such as stars, galaxies, and the interstellar medium, as well as their interactions."]
Text[245]=["","Biophysics (also biological physics) is an interdisciplinary science that employs and develops theories and methods of the physical sciences for the investigation of biological systems."]
Text[246]=["","Biochemistry is the study of the chemical processes in living organisms. It deals with the structure and function of cellular components, such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and other biomolecules."]
Text[247]=["","Botany, plant science(s), phytology, or plant biology is a branch of biology and is the scientific study of plant life and development. Botany covers a wide range of scientific disciplines that study plants, algae, and fungi including: structure, growth, reproduction, metabolism, development, diseases, and chemical properties and evolutionary relationships between the different groups."]
Text[248]=["","Chemistry is a physical science related to studies of various atoms, molecules, crystals and other aggregates of matter whether in isolation or combination, which incorporates the concepts of energy and entropy in relation to the spontaneity of chemical processes."]
Text[249]=["","Commerce is a division of trade or production which deals with the exchange of goods and services from producer to final consumer. It comprises the trading of something of economic value such as goods, services, information or money between two or more entities."]
Text[250]=["","Comparative literature is critical scholarship dealing with the literature of two or more different linguistic, cultural or national groups. While most frequently practiced with works of different languages, it may also be performed on works of the same language if the works originate from different nations or cultures among which that language is spoken."]
Text[251]=["","Computer science or computing science is the study and the science of the theoretical foundations of information and computation and their implementation and application in computer systems."]
Text[252]=["","Application software is a subclass of computer software that employs the capabilities of a computer directly and thoroughly to a task that the user wishes to perform. This should be contrasted with system software which is involved in integrating a computer's various capabilities, but typically does not directly apply them in the performance of tasks that benefit the user."]
Text[253]=["","Artificial intelligence (AI) is both the intelligence of machines and the branch of computer science which aims to create it. Major AI textbooks define artificial intelligence as ‘the study and design of intelligent agents,’ where an intelligent agent is a system that perceives its environment and takes actions which maximize its chances of success."]
Text[254]=["","Robotics is the science and technology of robots, their design, manufacture, and application. Robotics requires a working knowledge of electronics, mechanics and software, and is usually accompanied by a large working knowledge of many subjects."]
Text[255]=["","Criminology is the social-scientific study of crime as an individual and social phenomenon. Criminological research areas include the incidence and forms of crime as well as its causes and consequences. They also include social and governmental regulations and reactions to crime."]
Text[256]=["","Forensic science is the application of a broad spectrum of sciences to answer questions of interest to the legal system. This may be in relation to a crime or to a civil action. But besides its relevance to the underlying legal system, more generally forensics encompasses the accepted scholarly or scientific methodology and norms under which the facts regarding an event, or an artifact, or some other physical item (such as a corpse, or cadaver, for example) are to the broader notion of authentication whereby an interest outside of a legal form exists in determining whether an object is in fact what it purports to be, or is alleged as being."]
Text[257]=["","Cultural studies is an academic discipline which combines political economy, communication, sociology, social theory, literary theory, media theory, film/video studies, cultural anthropology, philosophy, museum studies and art history/criticism to study cultural phenomena in various societies."]
Text[258]=["","Cybernetics is the interdisciplinary study of the structure of complex systems, especially communication processes, control mechanisms and feedback principles. Cybernetics is closely related to control theory and systems theory."]
Text[259]=["","Dance is an art form that generally refers to movement of the body, usually rhythmic and to music, used as a form of expression, social interaction or presented in a spiritual or performance setting. Dance is also used to describe methods of non-verbal communication between humans or animals, motion in inanimate objects, and certain musical forms or genres."]
Text[260]=["","Strategic Studies"]
Text[261]=["","Economics is the social science that studies the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. The term economics comes from the Greek for oikos (house) and nomos (custom or law), hence 'rules of the house(hold).'"]
Text[262]=["","Education encompasses both the teaching and learning of knowledge, proper conduct, and technical competency. It thus focuses on the cultivation of skills, trades or professions, as well as mental, moral & aesthetic development."]
Text[263]=["","Engineering is the discipline and profession of applying scientific knowledge and utilizing natural laws and physical resources in order to design and implement materials, structures, machines, devices, systems, and processes that realize a desired objective and meet specified criteria."]
Text[264]=["","Aeronautics is the science involved with the study, design, and manufacture of flight-capable machines, or the techniques of operating aircraft. While the term literally meaning 'sailing the air' originally referred solely to the science of operating the aircraft, it has since been expanded to include technology, business and other aspects related to aircraft."]
Text[265]=["","Avionics is a portmanteau of 'aviation electronics'. It comprises electronic systems for use on aircraft, artificial satellites and spacecraft, comprising communications, navigation and the display and management of multiple systems."]
Text[266]=["","Chemical is a substance that is produced or used in a process (reaction) involving changes to atoms or molecules. The term is sometimes defined more broadly as ‘a substance’."]
Text[267]=["","The word ceramic is derived from the Greek word keramikos. The term covers inorganic non-metallic materials which are formed by the action of heat. The study and development of ceramics includes methods to mitigate problems associated with these characteristics, and to accentuate the strengths of the materials as well as to investigate novel applications."]
Text[268]=["","Polymer Technology"]
Text[269]=["","Civil engineering is a professional engineering discipline that deals with the design, construction and maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment, including works such as bridges, roads, canals, dams and buildings."]
Text[270]=["","Electrical engineering, sometimes referred to as electrical and electronic engineering, is a field of engineering that deals with the study and application of electricity, electronics and electromagnetism. It also covers a range of subtopics including power, electronics, control systems, signal processing and telecommunications."]
Text[271]=["","Electronic engineering is a discipline dealing with the behavior and effects of electrons (as in electron tubes and transistors) and with electronic devices, systems, or equipment. The term now also covers a large part of electrical engineering degree courses as studied at most European universities."]
Text[272]=["","Telecommunication Engineering is concerned with communicating information at a distance. It is strongly associated with data communications, largely because of the tendency to encode, compress and encrypt all information, and because of the growing importance of digital and wireless (e.g. mobile telephony) networks."]
Text[273]=["","Mechanical engineering is an engineering discipline that involves the application of principles of physics for analysis, design, manufacturing, and maintenance of mechanical systems."]
Text[274]=["","Instrumentation engineering is a discipline relying on connecting multiple disciplines of engineering. Measurement and controls, the two facets of instrumentation, have brought technology to an unprecedented degree of precision. Instrumentation enables the measurement of various variables such as flow and pressure."]
Text[275]=["","Engineering mechanics, also called applied mechanics, or Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, is a branch of the physical sciences which looks to understand the actions and reactions of bodies at rest or in motion. Much of modern engineering mechanics is based on Isaac Newton's laws of motion while the modern practice of their application can be traced back to Timoshenko, who is said to be the father of modern engineering mechanics."]
Text[276]=["","Automobile engineering is a branch of vehicle engineering, incorporating elements of mechanical, electrical, electronic, software and safety engineering as applied to the design, manufacture and operation of motorcycles, automobiles, buses and trucks and their respective engineering subsystems."]
Text[277]=["","Environmental science is the study of interactions among physical, chemical, and biological components of the environment. It provides an integrated, quantitative, and interdisciplinary approach to the study of environmental systems."]
Text[278]=["","Environmental engineering is the application of science and engineering principles to improve the environment (air, water, and/or land resources), to provide healthy water, air, and land for human habitation and for other organisms, and to remediate polluted sites."]
Text[279]=["","Ethnology is the branch of anthropology that compares and analyzes the origins, distribution, technology, religion, language, and social structure of the ethnic, racial, and/or national divisions of humanity."]
Text[280]=["","Film Studies"]
Text[281]=["","Folklore is the body of expressive culture, including tales, music, dance, legends, oral history, proverbs, jokes, popular beliefs, customs, and so forth within a particular population comprising the traditions (including oral traditions) of that culture, subculture, or group. It is also the set of practices through which those expressive genres are shared. The academic and usually ethnographic study of folklore is sometimes called folkloristics."]
Text[282]=["","Tribal Literature"]
Text[283]=["","Genetics, a discipline of biology, is the science of heredity and variation in living organisms. The modern science of genetics seeks to understand the process of inheritance, only began with the work of Gregor Mendel in the mid-nineteenth century."]
Text[284]=["","Eugenics is a social philosophy which advocates the improvement of human hereditary traits through various forms of intervention. Throughout history, eugenics has been regarded by its various advocates as a social responsibility, an altruistic stance of a society, meant to create healthier and more intelligent people, to save resources, and lessen human suffering."]
Text[285]=["","Genetic engineering, recombinant DNA technology, genetic modification/manipulation and gene splicing are terms that apply to the direct manipulation of an organism's genes."]
Text[286]=["","Geography is the study of the earth and its features, inhabitants, and phenomena. A literal translation would be 'to describe or write about the Earth'. The first person to use the word 'geography' was Eratosthenes (276-194 B.C.)."]
Text[287]=["","Geology is the science and study of the solid matter that constitutes the Earth. Encompassing such things as rocks, soil, and gemstones, geology studies the composition, structure, physical properties, history, and the processes that shape Earth's components. It is one of the Earth sciences."]
Text[288]=["","History is the study of the past, particularly the written record of the human race, but more generally including scientific and archaeological discoveries about the past. Recently, there has been an increased interest in oral histories and traditions, passed down from generation to generation verbally."]
Text[289]=["","Home Science"]
Text[290]=["","Human rights refer to the ‘basic rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled.’ Examples of rights and freedoms which are often thought of as human rights include civil and political rights, such as the right to life and liberty, freedom of expression, and equality before the law; and social, cultural and economic rights, including the right to participate in culture, the right to food, the right to work, and the right to education."]
Text[291]=["","Informatics is the science of information, the practice of information processing, and the engineering of information systems. Informatics studies the structure, algorithms, behavior, and interactions of natural and artificial systems that store, process, access and communicate information."]
Text[292]=["","Library and information science is an interdisciplinary science incorporating the humanities, law and applied science to study topics related to libraries, the collection, classification, organization, preservation and dissemination of information resources, and the political economy of information."]
Text[293]=["","International relations is a branch of political science. It represents the study of foreign affairs and global issues among states within the international system, including the roles of states, inter-governmental organizations, non-governmental organizations, and multinational corporations. It is both an academic and public policy field, and can be either positive or normative as it both seeks to analyze as well as formulate the foreign policy of particular states."]
Text[294]=["","In the humanities and social sciences, area studies are interdisciplinary fields of research and scholarship pertaining to a particular geographical, national/federal, or cultural region. It often involves the disciplines of history, political science, sociology, cultural studies, languages, geography, literature, and other fields."]
Text[295]=["","Journalism is the profession of writing or communicating, formally employed by publications and broadcasters, for the benefit of a particular community of people. The writer or journalist is expected to use facts to describe events, ideas, or issues that are relevant to the public."]
Text[296]=["","Media study is one of several titles under which academic programs approach the content, history, meaning and effects of various media. Media studies scholars vary in the theoretical and methodological focus they bring to mass media topics, including the media's political, social, economic and cultural roles and impact."]
Text[297]=["","Mass communication is the term used to describe the academic study of the various means by which individuals and entities relay information through mass media to large segments of the population at the same time."]
Text[298]=["","Human Resource Development is the frameworks for helping employees develop their personal and organizational skills, knowledge, and abilities. Human Resource Development includes such opportunities as employee training, employee career development, performance management and development, coaching, succession planning, key employee identification, tuition assistance, and organization development."]
Text[299]=["","Law is a system of rules, usually enforced through a set of institutions. It shapes politics, economics and society in numerous ways."]
Text[300]=["","Linguistics is the scientific study of language, encompassing a number of sub-fields. An important topical division is between the study of language structure (grammar) and the study of meaning (semantics)."]
Text[301]=["","Management in business and human organization activity, in simple terms means the act of getting people together to accomplish desired goals. Management comprises planning, organizing, resourcing, leading or directing, and controlling an organization (a group of one or more people or entities) or effort for the purpose of accomplishing a goal."]
Text[302]=["","Manuscriptology is that branch of science which imparts training in the reading and understanding of ancient scripts. It also specializes in the procurement, preservation and documentation of various kinds of manuscripts."]
Text[303]=["","Mathematics is the body of knowledge centered on such concepts as quantity, structure, space, and change, and also the academic discipline that studies them. Benjamin Peirce called it ‘the science that draws necessary conclusions’."]
Text[304]=["","Medical Sciences"]
Text[305]=["","Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery"]
Text[306]=["","Microbiology is the study of microorganisms, which are unicellular or cell-cluster microscopic organisms. This includes eukaryotes such as fungi and protists, and prokaryotes, which are bacteria and archaea. Viruses, though not strictly classed as living organisms, are also studied."]
Text[307]=["","Museumology is the meticulous and intricate research about the distinct and diverse religious art museums."]
Text[308]=["","Museology (also called museum studies) is the study of how to organize and manage museums and museum collections. More generally, a museum study is a term used to denote academic programs, generally graduate programs, in the management, administration, or theory of museums."]
Text[309]=["","Musicology is the scholarly study of music. The word is used in narrow, broad and intermediate senses."]
Text[310]=["","Peace studies (irenology) is an interdisciplinary effort aiming at the prevention, deescalation, and solution of conflicts, in contrast to war studies (polemology) which has as its aim the efficient attainment of victory in conflicts. Disciplines involved may include political science, economics, psychology, sociology, international relations, history, anthropology, religious studies, and gender studies, as well as a variety of others."]
Text[311]=["","Gandhian Studies includes study about Gandhi's philosophy and nonviolence."]
Text[312]=["","The performing arts are those forms of art which differ from the plastic arts insofar as the former uses the artist’s own body, face and presence as a medium, and the latter uses materials such as clay, metal or paint which can be molded or transformed to create some physical art object."]
Text[313]=["","Theatre Studies offers a programme of study in which performance is addressed from a variety of critical perspectives."]
Text[314]=["","Philosophy is the study of general and fundamental problems concerning matters such as existence, knowledge, truth, justice, beauty, validity, mind and language. Philosophy is distinguished from other ways of addressing these questions (such as mysticism or mythology) by its critical, generally systematic approach and its reliance on reasoned argument."]
Text[315]=["","In most educational systems, physical education (P.E.) class, also called physical training (PT) and Phys Ed, though each with a very different connotation, is a course in the curriculum which utilizes learning in the cognitive, affective and psychomotor domains in a play or movement exploration setting."]
Text[316]=["","Physics is the science of matter and its motion, as well as space and time. It uses concepts such as energy, force, mass, and charge. Physics is an experimental science, creating theories that are tested against observations."]
Text[317]=["","Poetics refers generally to the theory of literary discourse and specifically to the theory of poetry, although some speakers use the term so broadly as to denote the concept of ‘theory’ itself."]
Text[318]=["","Political science is a branch of social science that deals with the theory and practice of politics and the description and analysis of political systems and political behavior. It is often described as the study of who gets what, where, when and why."]
Text[319]=["","Population Studies covers the theories, methods and skills required to comprehend population dynamics all over the world. It consists of examining demographic trends, their underlying factors and their consequences."]
Text[320]=["","Psychology is an academic and applied discipline involving the phenomenological and scientific study of mental processes and behavior. Psychologists study such concepts as perception, cognition, emotion, personality, behavior, interpersonal relationships, and the individual and collective unconscious."]
Text[321]=["","Public administration can be broadly described as the development, implementation and study of branches of government policy. Public administration is linked to pursuing the public good by enhancing civil society and social justice."]
Text[322]=["","A religious study, or Religious education, is the academic field of multi-disciplinary, secular study of religious beliefs, behaviors, and institutions. It describes compares, interprets, and explains religion, emphasizing systematic, historically-based, and cross-cultural perspectives."]
Text[323]=["","Comparative Study of Religions is a field of religious study that analyzes the similarities and differences of themes, myths, rituals and concepts among the world’s religions."]
Text[324]=["","The field of social medicine seeks to: (1) understand how social and economic conditions impact health, disease and the practice of medicine and (2) foster conditions in which this understanding can lead to a healthier society."]
Text[325]=["","Community health, a field within public health, is a discipline that concerns itself with the study and betterment of the health characteristics of biological communities. While the term community can be broadly defined, community health tends to focus on geographic areas rather than people with shared characteristics."]
Text[326]=["","Social work is a discipline involving the application of social theory and research methods to study and improve the lives of people, groups, and societies. It incorporates and uses other social sciences as a means to improve the human condition and positively change society's response to chronic problems."]
Text[327]=["","Sociology is the scientific or systematic study of society, including patterns of social relations, social stratification, social interaction, and culture. Sociology is considered a branch of social science."]
Text[328]=["","Tourism"]
Text[329]=["","Management in business and human organization activity, in simple terms means the act of getting people together to accomplish desired goals. Management comprises planning, organizing, resourcing, leading or directing, and controlling an organization or effort for the purpose of accomplishing a goal. Resourcing encompasses the deployment and manipulation of human resources, financial resources, technological resources, and natural resources."]
Text[330]=["","Translation study is the branch of the humanities dealing with the systematic, interdisciplinary study of the theory, the description and the application of translation, interpreting or both these activities."]
Text[331]=["","The visual arts are art forms that focus on the creation of works which are primarily visual in nature, such as painting, photography, printmaking, and filmmaking. Those that involve three-dimensional objects, such as sculpture and architecture, are called plastic arts."]
Text[332]=["","Sculpture is three-dimensional artwork created by shaping hard or plastic material, commonly stone (either rock or marble), metal, or wood. Some sculptures are created directly by carving; others are assembled, built up and fired, welded, molded, or cast."]
Text[333]=["","Graphics are visual presentations on some surface, such as a wall, canvas, computer screen, paper, or stone to brand, inform, illustrate, or entertain. Examples are photographs, drawings, Line Art, graphs, diagrams, typography, numbers, symbols, geometric designs, maps, engineering drawings, or other images."]
Text[334]=["","Applied arts refer to the application of design and aesthetics to objects of function and everyday use. Whereas fine arts serve as intellectual stimulation to the viewer or academic sensibilities, the applied arts incorporate design and creative ideals to objects of utility, such as a cup, magazine or decorative park bench."]
Text[335]=["","Women's studies (also known as Feminist studies) is an interdisciplinary academic field devoted to topics concerning women, feminism, gender, and politics. It often includes feminist theory, women’s history and social history, women’s fiction, women’s health, feminist psychoanalysis and the feminist and gender studies-influenced practice of most of the humanities and social sciences."]
Text[336]=["","Zoology (from Greek zoon, ‘animal’ + ‘logos, ‘knowledge’) is the biological discipline which involves the study of animals."]
/*problemsaddressed*/
Text[337]=["","Commission for Scientific and Technical Terminology (CSTT) A body set up to help in the evolution of scientific and technical terminology in Hindi and other Indian languages."]
Text[338]=["","National Council for Educational and Research Training (NCERT) NCERT is an apex resource organisation set up by the Government of India, with headquarters at New Delhi, to assist and advise the Central and State Governments on academic matters related to school education."]
Text[339]=["","The National Book Trust, India (NBT) is a professional body working for the last fifty years in the field of quality publication.<br><br>It publishes a wide variety of quality books ranging from works of fiction to books on medical sciences and cutting edge technology for all segments of the society and for all age groups."]
Text[340]=["","The University Grants Commission is a Union government body that provides funds for government-recognised universities and colleges. It is the body that provides recognition for universities in India. Its central office is in New Delhi, and it also has a southern regional office in Hyderabad."]
Text[341]=["","The Sahitya Akademi is an Indian organisation dedicated to the promotion of literature in the languages of India. Founded on March 12, 1954, it is supported by, though independent of, the Indian government."]
Text[342]=["","Central Institute of Indian Languages (CIIL)"]
Text[343]=["","Granth Academies"]
Text[344]=["","Public Library Networks"]
Text[345]=["","Technical terminology is the specialized vocabulary of a field. These terms have specific definitions within the field, which is not necessarily the same as their meaning in common use. Jargon is similar, but more informal in definition and use, while legal terms of art or words of art have meanings that are strictly defined by law."]
Text[346]=["","SCIENTIFIC TERMINOLOGY"]
Text[347]=["","hierarchies among the languages"]
Text[348]=["","Standardization (or standardisation) is the process of developing and agreeing upon technical standards. A standard is a document that establishes uniform engineering or technical specifications, criteria, methods, processes, or practices. Some standards are mandatory while others are voluntary."]
Text[349]=["","non-standard terms"]
Text[350]=["","Slang words are highly informal expressions that are not considered standard in the speaker’s dialect or language."]
Text[351]=["","translator education"]
Text[352]=["","short-term training programmes"]
Text[353]=["","Language interpreting or interpretation is the intellectual activity of facilitating oral and sign-language communication, either simultaneously or consecutively, between two or more users of different languages."]
Text[354]=["","Subtitles are textual versions of the dialog in films and television programs, usually displayed at the bottom of the screen."]
Text[355]=["","course modules"]
Text[356]=["","packages for translators"]
Text[357]=["","language teaching programmes"]
Text[358]=["","special courses"]
Text[359]=["","translation technology"]
Text[360]=["","244.	pedagogic purposes"]
/*legalframework*/
Text[361]=["","The translation of technical texts (manuals, instructions, etc.), or more specifically, texts that contain a high amount of terminology."]
Text[362]=["","Instant translation is the translation from one language to another Web pages, e-mail, and online chat text by a computer program."]
Text[363]=["","Organizing short-term training programmes for specific purposes like interpretation, subtitling, translation of law, pure sciences, applied sciences, social sciences etc., involving scholars/experts in the areas concerned."]
/*ongoinginitiatives*/
Text[364]=["","Anukriti: Translating India was designed to function as a translation service and information site in all the Indian languages. The idea of creating such a website was conceived by three institutions devoted to the development of Indian languages-Central Institute of Indian Languages (MHRD), Mysore, Sahitya Akademi and National Book Trust, New Delhi."]
Text[365]=["","It is an on-line translation journal from Anukriti, edited by Udaya Narayana Singh and Giridhar P P."]
Text[366]=["","NTM also encourages and development of translation software. A team of software engineers work at NTM to produce the various translation and dictionary software. Help of various experts from academic institutions, industries and corporate houses are sought for this purpose by NTM. Some of these tasks are outsourced by NTM. The software produced is made available on the NTM website."]
Text[367]=["","Vadodara or Baroda, formerly the capital city of the Gaekwar State, is situated on the banks of the Vishwamitri, a river whose name derived from the great saint Rishi Vishwamitra."]
Text[368]=["","Shillong (Khasi Shillong) is the capital of Meghalaya, one of the smallest states in India. It is also the district headquarters of the East Khasi Hills District and is situated at an average altitude of 4,908 ft (1,496 m) above sea level, with the highest point being 'lum shyllong' at 1965 m."]
Text[369]=["","Gadwali (better known as Garhwali) is a language (considered as dialect by some) spoken in the Garhwal hills of Uttarakhand, India. The Garhwali language belongs to the Pahari (Northern) subgroup of Indo-Aryan."]
Text[370]=["","Bhili is a Western Indo-Aryan language spoken in west-central India, in the region east of Ahmedabad. Other names for the language include Bhagoria, Bhil, Bhilbari, Bhilboli, Bhilla, Lengotia, and Vil. Bhili is a member of the Bhil language family, which is related to Gujarati and the Rajasthani language. The language is written using a variation of the Devanagari script."]
Text[371]=["","Kui (also Kandh, Khondi, Khond, Khondo, Kanda, Kodu (Kodu), Kodulu, Kuinga (Kuinga), Kuy) is a South Central Dravidian language spoken by the Khonds. It is mostly spoken in Orissa, and written in the Oriya script. With 641,662 registered native speakers, it figures at rank 29 in the 1991 Indian census."]
Text[372]=["","Garo (also spelled as Garrow, or else known by the people's own name for themselves, Mande) is the language of the majority of the people of the Garo Hills in the Indian state of Meghalaya. Garo is also used in Kamrup, Dhubri, Goalpara and the Darrang districts of Assam, India as well as in neighboring Bangladesh. Garo uses the Latin alphabet and has a close affinity to Bodo, the language of one of the dominant communities of the neighboring state of Assam."]
Text[373]=["","The Gamit language is a Central Indo-Aryan language belonging to the subgroup Bhil. It is spoken by approximately 400,000 people (2000) in Gujarat, mainly the area of Surat. It is mostly spoken by the Gamit caste; according to Ethnologue 'most speakers have high school or college education'."]
Text[374]=["","The Mizos are a scheduled tribe in northeastern India, primarily in the state of Mizoram, where they are a majority and minority community Chakma who constitute less than 10% percent of the state population."]
Text[375]=["","Lepcha is a language spoken by the Lepcha people in Sikkim in India, and parts of Nepal and Bhutan. The Lepcha script (also known as 'róng') is a syllabic script which has a lot of special marks and requires ligatures. Its genealogy is unclear. Early Lepcha manuscripts were written vertically, a sign of Chinese influence. Lepcha is considered to be one of the aboriginal languages of the area in which it is spoken. Total number of speakers numbers near 50,000."]
Text[376]=["","Pahari (or Pahaari) is a general terms for a range of dialects spoken across the Himalayan range, not limited to a single country in the subcontinent. The word is derived from 'pahar' meaning mountain. The word 'Pahaari' or 'Pahari' is an adjective in Hindi, Urdu, or Punjabi and it literally means 'of the mountain' - when used in a linguistic context it means 'language of the mountain people.'"]
Text[377]=["","The Mundari are a small nilotic tribe of cattle herders and agriculturalists native to Southern Sudan. Mundari is also the name of the language spoken by that people and they are among the Bari Speakers like the Kuku, Kakaw, Pojulu and Nyangwara."]
Text[378]=["","Gondi (Gondi) is spoken by the Gondi people. It is one of the most important Central Dravidian languages, spoken by about two million people – chiefly in the states of Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Chhattishgarh and in various adjoining areas of neighboring states. Although it is the language of the Gond people, only about half of them still speak it."]
Text[379]=["","Civil and political rights are a class of rights ensuring things such as the protection of peoples' physical integrity; procedural fairness in law; protection from discrimination based on gender, religion, race, etc; individual freedom of belief, speech, association, and the press; and political participation."]
Text[380]=["","A biography (from the Greek words bios meaning 'life', and gráphein meaning 'to write') is a description of someone's life, usually published in the form of a book or essay, or in some other form, such as a film. A biography is more than a list of impersonal facts (education, work, relationships and death), it also portrays the subject's experience of those events."]
Text[381]=["","The Annamalai University owes its existence to the farsighted vision, enlightened wisdom, benefaction and philanthropy of a single individual – Dr. Rajah Sir Annamalai Chettiar of Chettinad."]
Text[382]=["","Dr. B.R. Ambedkar University (formerly Agra University) has the distinction of being one of the oldest Universities of India. There are many distinguished personalities associated with the University. Prominent among them are Dr. Shankar Dayal Sharma, Pt. Motilal Nehru, Gulzari Lal Nanda, Ch. Charan Singh, Pt. Krishna Dutt Paliwal, Pt. Hridyanath Kunzru."]
Text[383]=["","Established in 1970, Himachal Pradesh University is a public university in Shimla, India. The suburban campus in Summerhill hosts 28 teaching departments focusing on, among other subjects, Bhoti (an Indo-Tibetan language), ayurveda, and yoga."]
Text[384]=["","Established in 1970, Himachal Pradesh University is a public university in Shimla, India. The suburban campus in Summerhill hosts 28 teaching departments focusing on, among other subjects, Bhoti (an Indo-Tibetan language), ayurveda, and yoga."]
Text[385]=["","The Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University was established at Nanded by bifurcating the MarathwadaUniversity at Aurangabad on 17th September 1994, the day on which in 1948 erstwhile Hyderabad State was liberated from rule of the Nizam. Nanded is a district headquarter as well as a holy city situated on the banks of Godavari river in southeastern part of Maharashtara state."]
Text[386]=["","Established in 1948, the University has since become one of the leading centers for research and teaching in the country. The placid environs and state of the art facilities provide its students with an ideal atmosphere to pursue research in various areas of Science, Arts, Commerce and Languages. The University houses 40 departments which provide a wide array of academic programs."]
Text[387]=["","The University of Hyderabad, has emerged as a premier centre of higher learning with outstanding student output and faculty who have to their credit notable accomplishments. The University offers facilities for postgraduate and research studies in major disciplines in sciences, humanities, social sciences, performing arts, fine arts & communication and management studies."]
Text[388]=["","The Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages (CIEFL) is a national institute of higher education, deemed to be a university. Set up in 1958 as the Central Institute of English (CIEFL) its original mandate was to improve the quality of the teaching of English in India through suitably designed training, research, and materials production programmes."]
Text[389]=["","University of Travancore, which became the University of Kerala was established in 1937, much before the birth of Kerala State."]
Text[390]=["","Madurai Kamaraj University is a Statutory University, established in 1966 by Govt. of Tamilnadu. It is recognized and funded by UGC and is a member of Association of Indian Universities. It has been reaccredited by NAAC with grade A. Recently this University was accorded the status of 'University with Potential for Excellence.'"]
Text[391]=["","LDC-IL was set up to help researches and developers in the field of corpus linguistics and language technology related to Indian languages. Language data is the key ingredient in terms of research and development in the area of language technology.  The LDC-IL addresses the need to enhance machine readable language data in Hindi and other languages. The issues surrounding collection, processing and annotation of the quantities of linguistic data makes it necessary to involve a number of disciplines like linguistics, statistics, engineering etc."]
Text[392]=["","Corpus linguistics is the study of language as expressed in samples (corpora) or 'real world' text. This method represents a digestive approach to deriving a set of abstract rules by which a natural language is governed or else relates to another language. Originally done by hand, corpora are largely derived by an automated process, which is corrected. The corpus approach runs counter to Noam Chomsky's view that real language is riddled with performance-related errors, thus requiring careful analysis of small speech samples obtained in a highly controlled laboratory setting."]
Text[393]=["","Language technology is often called human language technology (HLT) or natural language processing (NLP) and consists of computational linguistics (or CL) and speech technology as its core but includes also many application oriented aspects of them. Language technology is closely connected to computer science and general linguistics."]
Text[394]=["","Technology development for Indian Languages. Information processing tools to facilitate human-machine interaction in Indian languages"]
Text[395]=["","SYSTRAN, founded by Dr. Peter Toma in 1968, is one of the oldest machine translation companies. SYSTRAN has done extensive work for the United States Department of Defense and the European Commission. It provides the technology for Yahoo! and AltaVista's (Babel Fish)."]
 Text[396]=["","AltaVista provides the most comprehensive search experience on the Web. AltaVista was created by researchers at Digital Equipment Corporation's Western Research Laboratory who were trying to provide services to make finding files on the public network easier. Although there is some dispute about who was responsible for the original idea, two key participants were Louis Monier, who wrote the crawler, and Michael Burrows, who wrote the indexer."]
 Text[397]=["","MANTRA Machine Translation System for officialese Domain-C-DAC Pune, project has been funded by Department of Official Languages for specific domain of Government of India Appointment Letters. The system is currently being tested at five ministries. The system uses Tree Adjoining Grammar (TAG) proposed by Shri Aravind Joshi in 1983 in the University of Pennsylvania, USA. TAG is a tree re-writing system. The system uses a TAG based Parser called VYAKARTA."] 
 Text[398]=["","Founded in March 1988, as a Scientific Society of the Department of Information Technology, Ministry of Communications and Information Technology, Government of India, the Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC), is mainly an R & D institution involved in the design, development and deployment of advanced Information Technology (IT) based solutions. Over a decade since inception, C-DAC has developed and supplied a variety of high performance similar computers, called as the PARAM series of supercomputers."]  
 Text[399]=["","The Centre for Development of Advanced Computing, Mumbai (formerly known as National Centre for Software Technology) is a scientific society of the Department of Information Technology involved in Research and Development into the area of Software Technology. With an objective to create focus on Advanced Information Technologies, High-end Academics & Training relevant to R&D societies."] 
  Text[400]=["","The Centre for Development of Advanced Computing, Mumbai (formerly known as National Centre for Software Technology) is a scientific society of the Department of Information Technology involved in Research and Development into the area of Software Technology. With an objective to create focus on Advanced Information Technologies, High-end Academics & Training relevant to R&D societies."]
Text[401]=["","A major goal of IIIT is to impart a uniquely broad and interdisciplinary IT education of the highest academic quality. This is achieved through an integrated curriculum that consists of a highly diverse set of IT courses, interdisciplinary IT research projects, day-to-day interaction with industry, preparation in entrepreneurship and personality development courses."] 
Text[402]=["","Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur carries out original research of significance and technology development at the cutting edge. It imparts training for students to make them competent, motivated engineers and scientists. The Institute not only celebrates freedom of thought, cultivates vision and encourages growth, but also inculcates human values and concern for the environment and the society."] 
Text[403]=["","Under the knowledge-based computer systems project of the Department of Electronics (DOE), C-DAC developed VYAKARTA, which could parse English, Hindi."]   
Text[404]=["","A machine assisted translation tool for translating official language sentences from English to Hindi."]
Text[405]=["","Press Trust of India.News agency sharing Indian news as well as international, business, and sports"]
Text[406]=["","A general-purpose framework for translation between English and Indian languages, starting with Hindi. MaTra can be used in two ways. In the automatic mode, the system gives the best translation it can which can be later post-edited by the user. In the manual mode, the user can guide the system towards the correct translation using an intuitive GUI."]
Text[407]=["","Manual editing done after a machine completes its first translation."]
Text[408]=["","Graphic User Interface"]
Text[409]=["","The Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs), are a group of thirteen autonomous engineering and technology-oriented institutes of higher education established and declared as Institutes of National Importance by the Parliament of India. The IITs were created to train scientists and engineers, with the aim of developing a skilled workforce to support the economic and social development of India after independence in 1947. The students and alumni of IITs are colloquially referred to as IITians."]
Text[410]=["","Anusaraka is a Language Accessor rather than a machine translation system in true sense. It helps in overcoming the language barrier by assisting the reader to access information from another language. Anusaraka analyses the source language text and presents exactly the same information in a language close to the target language. It tries to preserve information from the input to the output text. It is domain free system and has been adapted from Paninian Grammar. It has been developed for translation from Telugu, Tamil, Marathi, Bengali, Punjabi to Hindi."]
Text[411]=["","The ANUBHARTI approach for machine-aided-translation is a hybridized example-based machine translation approach that is a combination of example-based, corpus-based approaches and some elementary grammatical analysis. The example-based approaches emulate human-learning process for storing knowledge from past experiences to use it in future. "]
Text[412]=["","In machine translation, Universal Networking Language (UNL) is an artificial pivot language that relies on the semi-automatic translation from the initial text in a natural language into its pivot equivalent. Documents expressed in the pivot language can then be automatically translated into another natural language."]
Text[413]=["","ANGLABHARTI represents a machine-aided translation methodology specifically designed for translating English to Indian languages. English is a SVO language while Indian languages are SOV and are relatively of free word-order. Instead of designing translators for English to each Indian language, Anglabharti uses a pseudo-interlingua approach. It analyses English only once and creates an intermediate structure called PLIL (Pseudo Lingua for Indian Languages). This is the basic translation process translating the English source language to PLIL with most of the disambiguation having been performed. "]
Text[414]=["","It is a hybrid translation system being developed at Language Technologies Research Centre, IIIT-Hyderabad."]

/*technologyissues*/
Text[415]=["","Using a computer to create, edit, and print documents. Of all computer applications, word processing is the most common. To perform word processing, you need a computer, a special program called a word processor, and a printer. A word processor enables you to create a document, store it electronically on a disk, display it on a screen, modify it by entering commands and characters from the keyboard, and print it on a printer."]  
Text[416]=["","Tools to search, add, edit and control."]
Text[417]=["","Linked databases containing terms and definitions"]
Text[418]=["","Online Dictionary gives definitions, thesaurus entries, spelling, pronunciation, and etymology results for any word. Alternatively, we can browse the English dictionary alphabetically or by related terms to find meanings and synonyms. In addition, Dictionary provides resources to help find the best dictionary and translation sites for French, Spanish, Italian, German and hundreds of other languages."] 
Text[419]=["","The Visual Thesaurus is an online thesaurus and dictionary of over 145,000 words that you explore and visualize using an interactive map. Type in a word and the Visual Thesaurus will show you a map of synonyms, antonyms, and definitions. Unlike printed thesauri, the Visual Thesaurus contains over 39,000 proper nouns and American and British spellings and pronunciations."]
Text[420]=["","A thesaurus organized to help you find the word you want but cannot think of."]
Text[421]=["","A translation memory softwares, or TM is a type of database that stores segments that have been previously translated. A translation-memory system stores the words, phrases and paragraphs that have already been translated and aid human translators. The translation memory stores the source text and its corresponding translation in language pairs called 'translation units'."]
Text[422]=["","NTM encourages research and development of machine translation softwares"]
Text[423]=["","A glossary is a list of terms in a particular domain of knowledge with the definitions for those terms. Traditionally, a glossary appears at the end of a book and includes terms within that book which are either newly introduced or at least uncommon."]
Text[424]=["","A corpus (plural: corpora) in linguistics is a vast and organized set of texts of different kinds nowadays stored and processed mainly on computers. The first attempts to create a language corpus were made in the 1960s adopting lexicographic approach with the focus put on the meaning of words in sentences and not on the thoughts expressed by those sentences. The language that was analyzed was mainly that used by common people in order to examine the currently used syntax and lexis."]
Text[425]=["","In computing, a spell checker is an applications program that flags words in a document that may not be spelled correctly. Spell checkers may be stand-alone capable of operating on a block of text, or as part of a larger application, such as a word processor, email client, electronic dictionary, or search engine."]
Text[426]=["","In computing terms, a grammar checker is a program, or part of a program, that attempts to verify written text for grammatical correctness. Grammar checkers are most often implemented as a feature of a larger application, such as a word processor."]
Text[427]=["","An electronic dictionary is a small handheld computer with integrated reference materials. In some languages, such as Japanese or Korean, the usage of the term is slightly broader, including CD-ROM dictionaries and dictionaries used by desktop word-processing programs. The term may be used in a broader sense in English as well, to refer to a machine-readable dictionary or spell checker."]
Text[428]=["","A glossary of technical terms used in engineering, physical science, computer science & communications."]
Text[429]=["","An extensive glossary of grammatical and rhetorical terms used in the study of the English language."]
Text[430]=["","Digital Tools is Weblog and Magazine that focuses on Digital Tools, Software Development, Digital Culture, Colorful Design, Retro Technology, Homebrew."]
Text[431]=["","A bilingual dictionary or translation dictionary is a specialized dictionary used to translate words or phrases from one language to another. Bilingual dictionaries can be unidirectional, meaning that they list the meanings of words of one language in another, or can be bidirectional, allowing translation to and from both languages. In addition to the translation, a bilingual dictionary usually indicates the part of speech, gender, verb type, declension model and other."]
 Text[432]=["","Lexical resources are e-dictionaries, wordnets, language analysis and synthesis tools, concordancers, frequency analysers etc.,"]
  Text[433]=["","The Extensible Markup Language (XML) is a general-purpose specification for creating custom markup languages. It is classified as an extensible language, because it allows the user to define the mark-up elements. XML's purpose is to aid information systems in sharing structured data, especially via the Internet, to encode documents, and to serialize data; in the last context, it compares with text-based serialization languages such as JSON and YAML."]
  Text[434]=["","Document Type Definition (DTD) is one of several SGML and XML schema languages, and is also the term used to describe a document or portion thereof that is authored in the DTD language. A DTD is primarily used for the expression of a schema via a set of declarations that conform to a particular markup syntax and that describe a class, or type, of document, in terms of constraints on the structure of that document. "]
Text[435]=["","Interlingua (ISO language code IA) is an international auxiliary language (IAL), developed between 1937 and 1951 by the International Auxiliary Language Association (IALA). It is the second or third most widely used IAL (after Esperanto and perhaps Ido) and the most widely used naturalistic IAL in other words, its vocabulary, grammar and other characteristics are largely derived from natural languages."]
Text[436]=["","In machine translation, Universal Networking Language (UNL) is an artificial pivot language that relies on the semi-automatic translation from the initial text in a natural language into its pivot equivalent. Documents expressed in the pivot language can then be automatically translated into another natural language."]
/*managementarrangements*/
Text[437]=["","The details of NTM activity, information of courses on translation, translator registration etc., can be found in NTM web-site <A href='http://192.168.2.159/ntm/projectstrategy_ntm.asp' target='_blank'>http://192.168.2.159/ntm/projectstrategy_ntm.asp.</A>"]
Text[438]=["","The National Knowledge Commission is a high-level advisory body to the Prime Minister of India, with the objective of transforming India into a knowledge society. It covers sectors ranging from education to e-governance in the five focus areas of the knowledge paradigm"]
Text[439]=["","Ministry of Human Resource Development."]
Text[440]=["","The National Translation Mission has Expenditure Finance Committee which takes care of Finance of the project."]
Text[441]=["","Grant in Aid."]
Text[442]=["","Natural language processing"]
Text[443]=["","Different working groups have been created like Programmers, Academicians, Resource Persons and so on"]
Text[444]=["","Longman is a leading educational publisher of quality resources for all ages."] 
Text[445]=["","Private Public Partnership"]
Text[446]=["","An electronic dictionary is a small handheld computer with integrated reference materials, refer to a machine-readable dictionary or spell checker."]
Text[447]=["","Syllabuses of major universities of India are collected in order to create a database"]
Text[448]=["","University Grants Commission."]
Text[449]=["","Union Public Service Commission"]
Text[450]=["","Active Server Pages (ASP) is Microsoft's first server-side script engine for dynamically-generated web pages."]
Text[451]=["","MySQL is a relational database management system (RDBMS) which has more than 11 million installations. The program runs as a server providing multi-user access to a number of databases."]
Text[452]=["","This permits users to use, change, and improve the software, and to redistribute it in modified or unmodified form. It is very often developed in a public, collaborative manner. Open source software is the most prominent example of open source development and often compared to user-generated content."]

/*Conclusion*/
Text[453]=["","Democracy is a form of government in which power is held by people under a free electoral system."]
Text[454]=["","India is a Democratic country, where every citizen of India has Right to Speech, Right to think and act individually, free to express his thought  through any media."]
Text[455]=["","India is cosmopolitan country with people speaking diverse languages."]
Text[456]=["","Though India is a country of multi culture, languages and ethnic but we follow unity and strive hard to achieve common goal."] 
Text[457]=["","India is comprised with people following different languages, caste, religion and culture. It is essential that individual difference should be respected and promote all language and help people to participate in social affairs."]
Text[458]=["","Our wealth of the country is the multilanguages, which is the soul of our country"]
Text[459]=["","Indians speak many languages the exact number of languages spoken is yet to be confirmed."]
Text[460]=["","The Vedic Period (or Vedic Age) is the period during which the Vedas, the oldest sacred texts of the Aryans, were being composed."]
Text[461]=["","The Vedanga ('member of the Veda') are six auxiliary disciplines for the understanding and tradition of the Vedas. Shiksha: phonetics and phonology (sandhi) Chandas (chandas): meter<br> Vyakarana: grammar<br> Nirukta (nirukta): etymology<br> Jyotisha: astrology and astronomy, dealing particularly with the auspicious days for performing sacrifices.<br> Kalpa (kalpa): ritual"]
Text[462]=["","Shiksha is one of the six Vedangas, treating the traditional Hindu science of phonetics and phonology of Sanskrit. Its aim is the teaching of the correct pronunciation of the Vedic hymns and mantras. The oldest phonetic textbooks are the Pratishakyas describing pronunciation, intonation of Sanskrit, as well as the Sanskrit rules of sandhi (word combination), specific to individual schools or Shakhas of the Vedas."]
Text[463]=["","The Sanskrit grammatical tradition of vyakaran is one of the six Vedanga disciplines. It has its roots in late Vedic India, and includes the famous work, Astadhyayi of Panini(4th century BC)"]
Text[464]=["","Nirukta ('explanation, etymological interpretation') is one of the six Vedanga disciplines of Hinduism, treating etymology, particularly of obscure words, especially those occurring in the Vedas. The discipline is traditionally attributed to Yaska, an ancient Sanskrit grammarian."]
Text[465]=["","The verses of the Vedas have a variety of different meters. They are divided by number of padas in a verse, and by the number of syllables in a pada. Chandas, the study of Vedic meter, is one of the six Vedanga disciplines, or 'organs of the vedas'."]
Text[466]=["","The contribution of ancient Indian grammarians is outstanding it serves as the foundation for many languages in the world."]
Text[467]=["","Especially Sanskrit grammar contributed by ancient grammarians paves the way and base for the scientific study of language."]
Text[468]=["","Modern theories are being on the basis of Indian grammar because it serves as foundation for many languages."] 
Text[469]=["","India is a country of villages naturally teaching has to take place in local languages."]

/*annexure1*/
Text[470]=["","China is known to have the best translation industries."]
Text[471]=["","Translating materials concerning to Academic."]
Text[472]=["","Since there are many bilingual speakers, they may be employed in translation services"]
Text[473]=["","You can check your account details, as well as change your current password here"]
Text[474]=["","Check or modify the data/information you have entered "]
Text[475]=[""," Use this link to find the translators and knowledge texts available"]
Text[476]=["","Enter details to register yourself as translators under NTM "]

 
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